Table 2.
Changes in depression, anxiety and insomnia symptom severity scores from baseline to endpoint
| Baseline, N (%) | 6-month follow-up, N (%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Wave 1 group | Wave 2 group | p-valuesa | All | Wave 1 group | Wave 2 group | p-valuesb | |
| N = 1506 | N = 726 | N = 780 | N = 1506 | N = 726 | N = 780 | |||
| PHQ-9 | 0.101 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Minimal | NA | NA | NA | 843 (56.0) | 436 (60.1) | 407 (52.2) | ||
| Mild | 1094 (72.6) | 543 (74.8) | 551 (70.6) | 491 (32.6) | 233 (32.1) | 258 (33.1) | ||
| Moderate | 299 (19.9) | 138 (19.0) | 161 (20.6) | 116 (7.7) | 38 (5.2) | 78 (10.0) | ||
| Severe | 113 (7.5) | 45 (6.2) | 68 (8.7) | 56 (3.7) | 19 (2.6) | 37 (4.7) | ||
| GAD-7 | 0.199 | 0.003 | ||||||
| Minimal | 744 (49.4) | 347 (47.8) | 397 (50.9) | 1023 (67.9) | 523 (72.0) | 500 (64.1) | ||
| Mild | 524 (34.8) | 271 (37.3) | 253 (32.4) | 387 (25.7) | 166 (22.9) | 221 (28.3) | ||
| Moderate | 157 (10.4) | 74 (10.2) | 83 (10.6) | 71 (4.7) | 24 (3.3) | 47 (6.0) | ||
| Severe | 81 (5.4) | 34 (4.7) | 47 (6.0) | 25 (1.7) | 13 (1.8) | 12 (1.5) | ||
| ISI | 0.981 | 0.022 | ||||||
| None | 756 (50.2) | 362 (49.9) | 394 (50.5) | 1037 (68.9) | 523 (72.0) | 514 (65.9) | ||
| Subthreshold | 495 (32.9) | 241 (33.2) | 254 (32.6) | 342 (22.7) | 154 (21.2) | 188 (24.1) | ||
| Moderate | 193 (12.8) | 92 (12.7) | 101 (12.9) | 96 (6.4) | 40 (5.5) | 56 (7.2) | ||
| Severe | 62 (4.1) | 31 (4.3) | 31 (4.0) | 31 (2.1) | 9 (1.2) | 22 (2.8) | ||
| SSI pain-related items | 0.468 | 0.192 | ||||||
| Without pain (mean <2.2) | 1351 (89.7) | 647 (89.1) | 704 (90.3) | 1386 (92.0) | 675 (93.0) | 711 (91.2) | ||
| With pain, N (%) | 155 (10.3) | 79 (10.9) | 76 (9.7) | 120 (8.0) | 51 (7.0) | 69 (8.8) | ||
| CD-RISC group | 0.213 | |||||||
| Weak resilience (⩽80) | 1253 (83.2) | 595 (82.0) | 658 (84.4) | NA | NA | NA | - | |
| Better resilience | 253 (16.8) | 131 (18.0) | 122 (15.6) | NA | NA | NA | - | |
Abbreviations: PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; GAD-7, Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; SSI, Somatic Symptoms Inventory; CD-RISC, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Wave 1, participants completed the baseline and 6-month follow-up before the COVID-19 outbreak (i.e. from March 2019 to January 2020); Wave 2, participants completed the baseline before COVID-19 outbreak but 6-month follow-up during the COVID-19 outbreak (i.e. from August 2019 to April 2020).
Outcomes were additionally compared between participants who completed the study before the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e. March 2019 to January 2020) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e. August 2019 to April 2020)
Baseline comparison of wave 1 and 2.
6-month follow-up comparison of wave 1 and 2.