Table 2.
Predictors of mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Predictor | N (%) | OR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | |||||
| Australia (reference) | 348 (14.9) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| UK | 291 (12.4) | 2.63 (1.89–3.65) | <0.001* | 2.69 (1.80–4.03) | <0.001* |
| US | 1,704 (72.7) | 3.60 (2.84–4.47) | <0.001* | 2.24 (1.63–3.07) | <0.001* |
| Age <50 years | 1,052 (44.9) | 1.25 (1.05–1.50) | 0.014* | 1.77 (1.38–2.26) | <0.001* |
| Male | 1,118 (47.7) | 1.00 (0.84–1.20) | 0.953 | 0.95 (0.76–1.18) | 0.637 |
| Tertiary education | 1,803 (77.0) | 1.59 (1.30–1.95) | <0.001* | 1.55 (1.20–1.99) | 0.001* |
| Ex/current smoker | 953 (40.7) | 1.20 (1.00–1.44) | 0.056 | 1.23 (0.98–1.55) | 0.070 |
| ≥1 comorbidities | 1,288 (55.0) | 1.25 (1.04–1.49) | 0.017* | 1.26 (0.99–1.60) | 0.055 |
| Past wearing of a mask for non-COVID-19 purposes | 709 (30.3) | 3.13 (2.48–3.96) | <0.001* | 1.69 (1.29–2.21) | <0.001* |
| Having negative experience while wearing mask | 1,025 (43.8) | 0.12 (0.10–0.15) | <0.001* | 0.12 (0.10–0.16) | <0.001* |
| Knowing a COVID-19 case (family/friend/colleague) | 874 (37.3) | 1.97 (1.61–2.40) | <0.001* | 1.50 (1.18–1.91) | 0.001* |
| Diagnosed with COVID-19 | 486 (20.7) | 2.54 (1.51–4.28) | <0.001* | 1.64 (0.89–3.03) | 0.110 |
| Having COVID-19–like symptoms in March–June 2020 | 293 (12.5) | 2.11 (1.53–2.91) | <0.001* | 1.83 (1.25–2.68) | 0.002* |
| Adherence to mask-wearing guideline | 1,983 (84.6) | 1.95 (1.54–2.46) | <0.001* | 1.50 (1.12–2.00) | 0.006* |
| Perceived own health status < averagea | 1,043 (44.5) | 0.77 (0.64–0.92) | 0.004* | 0.87 (0.69–1.08) | 0.210 |
| Perceived self-risk of getting COVID-19 < averagea | 1,338 (57.1) | 0.59 (0.49–0.71) | <0.001* | 0.83 (0.64–1.07) | 0.142 |
| Perceived COVID-19 severity < averagea | 1,110 (47.4) | 0.62 (0.52–0.74) | <0.001* | 0.77 (0.60–0.98) | 0.033* |
| Perceived effectiveness of surgical masks < averagea | 1,154 (49.3) | 0.57 (0.48–0.68) | <0.001* | 0.85 (0.63–1.14) | 0.277 |
| Perceived effectiveness of N95/P2 masks < averagea | 1,064 (45.4) | 0.56 (0.47–0.68) | <0.001* | 0.90 (0.68–1.19) | 0.457 |
| Perceived effectiveness of cloth masks < averagea | 1,321 (56.4) | 0.65 (0.54–0.79) | <0.001* | 1.24 (0.94–1.65) | 0.133 |
| Confidence in national government ≥3b | 978 (41.7) | 0.91 (0.75–1.09) | 0.284 | 1.02 (0.76–1.38) | 0.889 |
| Confidence in state/local government ≥3b | 1,257 (53.7) | 1.33 (1.11–1.60) | 0.002* | 1.14 (0.84–1.55) | 0.411 |
| Trust in COVID-19 information from national government ≥3b | 814 (34.7) | 0.98 (0.81–1.18) | 0.794 | 0.97 (0.69–1.37) | 0.875 |
| Trust in COVID-19 information from state/local government ≥3b | 1,111 (47.4) | 1.36 (1.13–1.63) | 0.001* | 1.06 (0.76–1.48) | 0.729 |
Note: The overall multivariate model is statistically significant (LR χ2(24) = 677.26, p < 0.001). Area under ROC curve (C = 0.8149) indicates good discriminatory power of the model. The mean variance inflation factor in multivariate model is 1.46.
*
Statistically Significant at α = 0.05
a
Average refers to the population mean of each variable (refer to Table 1). Variables were coded as “1” if their values were larger than the population mean and coded as “0” if smaller than the population mean
b
On a scale of 0–4, where 4 represents highest level of trust/confidence.