Figure 3.

Changes in the probability of any opioid-related hospital event associated with a state’s implementation of comprehensive PDMP use mandates, 2011–2015

Source: Author’s analysis of data for 2011–15 from the Health Care Cost Institute’s insurance claims database.

Notes: The exhibit shows the predicted changes in the probabilities of outcomes associated with implementation of comprehensive use mandates among privately insured or Medicare Advantage adults who were ages 18+, had at least one opioid prescription in the study period, did not have a diagnosis of cancer or sickle cell, and lived in the twenty-eight states that had an operating program by December 2010. Long-term use sample are patients with at least one long-term episode during study years. A long-term opioid episode was defined as continuous use of prescription opioids for 90 days or longer; a gap of 30 days or more with no opioid use was used to determine the end of a long-term opioid use episode. The unit of analysis was patient half-year. The whiskers indicate 95% confidence intervals. The percentages (relative effects) indicate the difference between probabilities with and without a mandate.