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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 23.
Published in final edited form as: Popul Space Place. 2019 Oct;1:1–18.

TABLE 4.

Logistic regressiona: Persons with or without disability by rural–urban class—with demographic, socio-economic, and ecological control variables

Rural–urban model, only
 Additional demographic and socio-economic controls
 Additional ecological controls
Categoryb Variable B SE Exp(B) B SE Exp(B) B SE Exp(B)
Constant −1.809 0.000 0.164 −2.003 0.001 0.135 −1.840 0.004 0.159
Explanatory variable
Rural–urban class Metro 1–2 0.185 0.001 1.204 0.088 0.001 1.092 0.068 0.001 1.070
Metro 2–3 0.310 0.001 1.364 0.183 0.001 1.200 0.138 0.001 1.149
Nonmetro 3–4 0.466 0.001 1.594 0.278 0.001 1.321 0.200 0.001 1.222
Nonmetro 4–5 0.508 0.001 1.661 0.267 0.001 1.306 0.186 0.001 1.205
Nonmetro 5–6 0.528 0.001 1.696 0.269 0.001 1.309 0.185 0.001 1.203
Nonmetro 6–7 0.551 0.001 1.735 0.280 0.001 1.324 0.190 0.001 1.209
Nonmetro 7–8.3 0.581 0.002 1.788 0.302 0.002 1.353 0.246 0.002 1.279
Control variables: Demographic
Age groups 35 to 49 0.516 0.001 1.676 0.524 0.001 1.689
50 to 64 1.382 0.001 3.983 1.396 0.001 4.040
65 to 75 1.896 0.001 6.658 1.913 0.001 6.774
75 and older 2.882 0.001 17.845 2.906 0.001 18.289
Racial groups African American 0.120 0.001 1.127 0.104 0.001 1.110
Native American 0.345 0.002 1.413 0.349 0.002 1.418
Asian American −0.500 0.001 0.606 −0.485 0.001 0.616
Other single race −0.474 0.001 0.622 −0.465 0.001 0.628
Two or more racial groups 0.432 0.002 1.541 0.439 0.002 1.551
Control variables: Socio-economic
Educational attainment HSD or GED −0.322 0.001 0.725 −0.314 0.001 0.731
Some college, no degree −0.373 0.001 0.689 −0.363 0.001 0.695
Associates degree −0.513 0.001 0.599 −0.499 0.001 0.607
Bachelor’s degree −0.851 0.001 0.427 −0.832 0.001 0.435
Professional, Masters, PhD −0.915 0.001 0.400 −0.894 0.001 0.409
Housing Renters 0.254 0.001 1.290 0.252 0.001 1.286
Group quarters 1.607 0.003 4.987 1.612 0.003 5.014
Income-to-poverty ratioc 125 to less than 275 −0.516 0.001 0.597 −0.511 0.001 0.600
275 to less than 500 −0.839 0.001 0.432 −0.828 0.001 0.437
500 and higher −1.140 0.001 0.320 −1.121 0.001 0.326
Control variables: Ecological/regional
Occupation structure (of occupation) Agricultural −0.017 0.000 0.983
Extract./mining 0.112 0.001 1.119
Production occupations 0.015 0.000 1.015
Employment Unemployment rate 0.014 0.000 1.014
Poverty Mean income-to-poverty ratio −0.002 0.000 0.998
U.S. Census Region Midwest 0.013 0.001 1.013
South 0.076 0.001 1.079
West 0.044 0.001 1.045
N in sample 8,482,101 8,482,101 8,482,101
N weighted 167,370,489 167,370,489 167,370,489
−2LL 148,259,696 124,588,900 124,441,747
Nagelkerke R2 .009 .232 .233
% correctly classified 83.6 84.3 84.3
Change in −2LL without variable
Rural–urban class 50,960
Age groups 14,834,004
Racial groups 404,002
Educational attainment 1,194,943
Housing 531,289
Income-to-poverty ratio 2,251,197
% agricultural occupations 15,539
% extractive/mining occupations 32,572
% production occupations 24,388
Unemployment rate 12,930
Mean income-to-poverty ratio 22,192
U.S. Census region 16,587

Note. Data sources: 2012–2015 data extracted from 2011–2015 ACS PUMS using 2010 Census Geography; unemployment rate for 2012 derived from Local Area Unemployment Statistics (BLS, 2018). Significance level: p < .001 for all coefficients.

a

Included in analysis: Persons age 25 and older (due to including educational attainment).

b

Reference categories: Rural–urban class, Metro 1; age groups, 25–34; racial groups, White; educational attainment, less than High School Diploma (HSD) or General Education Diploma (GED); housing, owner; income-to-poverty ratio, less than 125; U.S. Census Region, Northeast.

c

Income-to-poverty ratio is 100 for incomes equal to poverty level; 125 = 25% above poverty level, etc.