Table IV.

Combination of chemotherapy or radiotherapy with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.

Author(s) (year)	Interventions	Primary end point(s)	Results	(Refs.)
Langer et al, 2016	Pembrolizumab + Chemotherapy vs. Chemotherapy	ORR	55% vs. 29%	(92)
		The incidence of grade 3 or worse treatment-related adverse events	39% vs. 26%
Gandhi et al, 2018	Pembrolizumab + Chemotherapy vs. Placebo + Chemotherapy	Rate of Overall survival at 12 months	69.2% vs. 49.4%	(93)
		PFS	8.8 months vs. 4.9 months
Paz-Ares et al, 2018	Pembrolizumab + Chemotherapy vs. Placebo + Chemotherapy	PFS	6.4 months vs. 4.8 months	(94)
		OS	15.9 months vs. 11.3 months
Deng et al, 2014	Irradiation (IR) + Anti-PD-L1 vs. Anti-PD-L1 vs. IR	Tumor volume	25.59±10.26 mm vs. 587.3±169.1 mm vs. 402.8±76.73 mm	(95)
		The percentage of MDSCs in the total CD45+ cell population	0.38±0.16% vs. 7.33±2.22% vs. 4.78±2.49%
Sharabi et al, 2015	XRT + Anti-PD-1	Tumor volume	Inhibited	(99)
		T-cell infiltration	Increased
Dovedi et al, 2014	RT + PD-1/PD-L1 blocking	Tumor volume	Inhibited	(101)
		Percent survival	Improved
Ahmed et al, 2016	Stereotactic radiation + Anti-PD-1	local lesions control rates at 6 and 12 months	91 and 85%	(102)
		OS rates at 6 and 12 months	78 and 55%

PD-1, programmed cell death protein-1; PD-L1, programmed death protein ligand-1.