Table V.

Combination of intestinal microflora with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.

Author(s) (year)	Interventions	Primary end point(s)	Results	(Refs.)
Sivan, 2015	Bifidobacterium + Anti-PD-L1	Tumor volume	Reduced	(112)
		IFN-γ, DCs	Increased
Routy et al, 2018	A. muciniphila + Anti-PD-1 vs. Anti-PD-1	PR	69% vs. 31%	(115)
		SD	58% vs. 42%
		PD	34% vs. 66%
		Tumor size	A. muciniphila +Anti-PD-1< Anti-PD-1
Frankel et al, 2017	Ipilimumab + Nivolumab vs. Pembrolizumab	RECIST response	67% vs. 23%	(121)
		SD	8% vs. 23%
Matson, 2018	Fecal material from three responder patient donors +	IFN-γ, Tumor-infiltrating specific CD8+ T cells	R>NR	(122)
	Anti-PD-L1(R) vs. Fecal material from three non-responder patient donors + Anti-PD-L1(NR)	Tumor volume	R<NR

PD-1, programmed cell death protein-1; PD-L1, programmed death protein ligand-1.