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PF attenuates the production of inflammatory cytokines and fibrosis in mesangial cells induced by HG. (A) Fibronectin mRNA expression. (B) Collagen 4A1 mRNA expression. (C) Level of IL-6 in cell culture supernatant. (D) Level of TNF-α in cell culture supernatant. (E) Immunofluorescence image of NF-κB p65; ×400 magnification. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM, n=3. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 vs. control group; #P<0.05 vs. HG group. PF, piperazine ferulate; HG, high glucose; +PF, HG + PF.
