Table 3.
Factors predicting the development of pacing‐induced cardiomyopathy
| Factor | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio | 95% CI | P | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | P | |
| Female sex | 0.574 | 1.027–1.550 | .193 | |||
| Age (per 1‐y increase) | 0.715 | 0.944–1.046 | .867 | |||
| Coronary artery disease | 0.461 | 0.362–9.421 | .461 | |||
| Hypertension | 2.330 | 0.696–7.823 | .170 | |||
| Diabetes | 0.808 | 0.184–3.552 | .777 | |||
| Beta‐blocker use | 2.538 | 0.453–12.236 | .290 | |||
| Calcium channel blocker use | 1.846 | 0.362–9.421 | .461 | |||
| Diuretic use | 3.889 | 1.038–14.566 | .044 | |||
| LA anterior–posterior diameter | 1.057 | 0.974–1.147 | .185 | |||
| LVEF (per 1% increase) | 0.997 | 0.931–1.066 | .920 | |||
| LV longitudinal strain | 1.218 | 1.028–1.443 | .023 | 1.27 | 1.009–1.492 | .004 |
| LV radial strain | 0.980 | 0.944–1.017 | .283 | |||
| LV circumferential strain | 1.111 | 0.975–1.266 | .114 | |||
| Native QRS duration | 1.029 | 1.005–1.053 | .016 | 1.031 | 1.003–1.059 | .030 |
| Paced QRS duration | 1.028 | 1.002–1.054 | .037 | |||
| Ventricular pacing percentage | 1.010 | 0.981–1.040 | .506 | |||
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; LA = left atrial; LV = left ventricular; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction.