FIGURE 1.
Assessment of the efficiency of freezing protocols for rapid arrest of tissue metabolism. Representative 31P NMR spectra of kidney extracts where paired kidneys had been freeze‐clamped using liquid nitrogen‐cooled tongs (A) or immersed in liquid nitrogen‐cooled liquid isopentane (B). The concentrations of ATP and ADP and the ATP:ADP ratio in kidneys frozen by clamping or immersion are shown in (C) and (D), respectively. 31P, phosphorus‐31; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate