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Genetic and environmental effects on methylation of CHRNA5 in relation to the risk of lung disease. The possible mechanism of methylation of CHRNA5 affecting the risk of lung disease is through both genetic control and environment influence. The MR test inferred the causal role of methylation of CHRNA5 on lung cancer and COPD. In another bidirectional MR test, the methylation of CHRNA5 and pack-years of smoking played causal roles with each other
