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. 2021 Mar 23;9:49. doi: 10.1186/s40478-021-01152-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Phospho-tau (p-tau) immunohistochemistry in the left fronto-parietal region of Case 1. In the low-magnification photomicrograph (a), the pia mater is near the bottom and white matter (WM) near the top. This is a section of the left fronto-parietal cortex, which is caudal to the region most directly impacted by the arachnoid cyst, and shows widespread p-tau (PHF-1) immunoreactivity in the subpial, gray matter, and white matter regions. In each of these compartments there is prominent staining of p-tau surrounding small blood vessels, and also in cells with morphologic features of astrocytes. Subpial staining is demonstrated in a small sulcus (b) and additional subpial staining is shown at low power in the adjacent gyrus (blue arrow in a). (c) White matter shows p-tau cells with astrocyte morphology, as well as staining around blood vessels resembling astrocyte foot processes (blue arrow). (d) The astrocytic p-tau in gray matter highlight pericapillary staining (blue arrows); the inset shows compact p-tau + cells with astrocyte features (e)