Table 2.
Risk factors associated with seroprevalence rates of VBDs among dogs in Egypt with single and mixed infection (n = 91) according to different variables
| Variable | No. | Ehrlichia spp. | Anaplasma spp. | Borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) | Dirofilaria immitis | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (%) | 95% CIa | Chi square | Number (%) | 95% CI | Chi square | Number (%) | 95% CI | Chi square | Number (%) | 95% CI | Chi square | ||
| dfb | df | df | df | ||||||||||
| P-value | P-value | P-value | P-value | ||||||||||
| Governate | |||||||||||||
| Cairo | 230 | 24 (10.4) | 7.1–15 |
χ2 = 6.091 df = 4 P = 0.2 |
15 (6.5) | 3.9–10.5 |
χ2 = 5.694 df = 4 P = 0.2 |
5 (2.2) | 0.9–4.9 |
χ2 = 2.813 df = 4 P = 0.6 |
4 (1.7) | 0.6–4.3 |
χ2 = 1.782 df = 4 P = 0.7 |
| Giza | 110 | 19 (17.2) | 11.3–25.4 | 12 (10.9) | 6.3–18.1 | 2 (1.8) | 0.5–6.3 | 2 (1.8) | 0.5–6.3 | ||||
| Al-Qalyubia | 60 | 6 (10) | 4.6–20.1 | 2 (3.3) | 0.9–11.3 | 2 (3.3) | 0.9–11.3 | 1 (1.6) | 0.3–8.8 | ||||
| Al-Gharbia | 60 | 4 (6.6) | 2.6–15.9 | 3 (5) | 1.7–13.7 | 0 | 0–6 | 0 | 0–6 | ||||
| Kafr El-Sheikh | 40 | 3 (7.5) | 2.5–19.8 | 1 (2.5) | 0.4–12.8 | 0 | 0–8.7 | 0 | 0–8.7 | ||||
| Keeping condition | |||||||||||||
| Indoor | 310 | 12 (3.8) | 2.2–6.6 |
χ2 = 44.060 df = 1 P = 0.0001 |
9 (2.9) | 1.5–5.4 |
χ2 = 18.086 df = 1 P = 0.0001 |
2 (0.6) | 0.2–2.3 |
χ2 = 6.155 df = 1 P = 0.03 |
2 (0.6) | 0.1–2.3 |
χ2 = 2.071 df = 1 P = 0.1 |
| Outdoor | 190 | 44 (23.2) | 17.7–29.6 | 24 (12.6) | 8.6–18.1 | 7 (3.6) | 1.7–7.4 | 5 (2.6) | 1.1–6.1 | ||||
| Sex | |||||||||||||
| Male | 230 | 16 (6.9) | 4.1–11 |
χ2 = 7.712 df = 1 P = 0.005 |
11 (4.7) | 2.6–8.3 |
χ2 = 1.525 df = 1 P = 0.6 |
2 (0.8) | 0.2–3.1 |
χ2 = 2.086 df = 1 P = 0.2 |
2(0.8) | 0.2–3.1 |
χ2 = 0.868 df = 1 P = 0.3 |
| Female | 270 | 40 (14.8) | 11.1–19.5 | 22 (8.2) | 5.4–12 | 7 (2.5) | 1.2–5.2 | 5 (1.8) | 0.7–4.2 | ||||
| Age | |||||||||||||
| < 1 year | 30 | 3 (10) | 3.4–25.6 |
χ2 = 7.525 df = 3 P = 0.06 |
2 (6.6) | 1.8–21.3 |
χ2 = 2.1.525 df = 3 P = 0.6 |
1(3.3.) | 0.5–16.6 |
χ2 = 2.992 df = 3 P = 0.4 |
0 | 0–11.3 |
χ2 = 1.525 df = 3 P = 0.6 |
| 1–3 years | 210 | 16 (7.6) | 4.7–12 | 11 (5.2) | 2.9–9.1 | 2 (0.9) | 0.2–3.4 | 2 (0.9) | 0.2–3.4 | ||||
| 3–5 years | 180 | 22 (12.2) | 8.2–17.8 | 15 (8.3) | 5.1–13.3 | 3 (1.6) | 0.5–4.7 | 3 (1.6) | 0.5–4.7 | ||||
| > 5 years | 80 | 15 (18.7) | 11.7–28.6 | 5 (6.2) | 2.7–13.8 | 3 (3.7) | 1.2–10.4 | 2 (2.5) | 0.6–8.6 | ||||
| Breed | |||||||||||||
| German Shepherd | 260 | 38 (14.6) | 10.8–19.4 |
χ2 = 6.870 df = 2 P = 0.03 |
24 (9.2) | 6.2–13.3 |
χ2 = 6.290 df = 2 P = 0.04 |
6 (2.3) | 1.1–4.9 |
χ2 = 1.161 df = 2 P = 0.5 |
4 (1.5) | 0.6–3.8 |
χ2 = 0.550 df = 2 P = 0.7 |
| Rottweiler | 110 | 10 (9.1) | 5–15.9 | 5 (4.5) | 1.9–10.2 | 2 (1.8) | 0.5–6.3 | 2 (1.8) | 0.5–6.3 | ||||
| Pit Bull | 130 | 8 (6.2) | 3.1–11.6 | 4 (3.1) | 1.2–7.6 | 1 (0.7) | 0.1–4.2 | 1 (0.7) | 0.1–4.2 | ||||
| Season | |||||||||||||
| Spring | 190 | 26 (13.6) | 9.5–19.3 |
χ2 = 4.416 df = 3 P = 0.2 |
12 (6.3) | 3.6–10.7 |
χ2 = 3.938 df = 3 P = 0.3 |
4 (2.1) | 0.8–5.2 |
χ2 = 1.400 df = 3 P = 0.7 |
3 (2.1) | 0.8–5.2 |
χ2 = 2.955 df = 3 P = 0.4 |
| Summer | 175 | 21 (12) | 7.9–17.6 | 16 (9.1) | 5.7–14.3 | 4 (2.2) | 0.8–5.7 | 4 (2.2) | 0.8–5.7 | ||||
| Autumn | 90 | 7 (7.7) | 3.8–15.2 | 4 (4.4) | 1.7–10.8 | 1 (1.1) | 0.2–6 | 0 | 0.0–5.1 | ||||
| Winter | 45 | 2 (4.4) | 1.2–14.8 | 1 (2.2) | 0.3–11.5 | 0 | 0.0–9.8 | 0 | 0.0–9.8 | ||||
| Weekly sanitation of the dog enclosures | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 370 | 23 (6.2) | 4.2–9.2 |
χ2 = 35.346 df = 1 P = 0.0001 |
10 (2.7) | 1.4–4.9 |
χ2 = 35.064 df = 1 P = 0.0001 |
2 (0.5) | 0.1–1.9 |
χ2 = 12.771 df = 1 P = 0.002 |
2 (0.5) | 0.1–1.9 |
χ2 = 7.615 df = 1 P = 0.02 |
| No | 130 | 33(25.3) | 18.6–33.4 | 23 (18.5) | 12.7–26 | 7 (5.4) | 2.6–10.6 | 5 (3.8) | 1.6–8.6 | ||||
| Presence of tick on the dog body | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 140 | 48 (34.3) | 26.9–42.5 |
χ2 = 104.196 df = 1 P = 0.0001 |
22 (15.7) | 10.6–22.6 |
χ2 = 26.203 df = 1 P = 0.0001 |
7(5) | 2.4–9.9 |
χ2 = 11.264 df = 1 P = 0.003 |
5 (3.5) | 1.5–8.1 |
χ2 = 6.642 df = 1 P = 0.02 |
| No | 360 | 8 (2.2) | 1.1–4.3 | 11 (3.1) | 1.7–5.3 | 2 (0.5) | 0.12 | 2 (0.5) | 0.1–2 | ||||
| Tri-monthly application of ectoparasiticides | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 370 | 24 (6.4) | 4.4–9.4 |
χ2 = 31.790 df = 1 P = 0.0001 |
11 (2.9) | 1.6–5.2 |
χ2 = 30.370 df = 1 P = 0.0001 |
2 (0.5) | 0.1–1.9 |
χ2 = 8.604 df = 1 P = 0.007 |
2 (0.5) | 0.1–1.9 |
χ2 = 7.615 df = 1 P = 0.02 |
| No | 130 | 32 (24.6) | 18–32.6 | 22 (16.9) | 11.4–24.2 | 7 (5.4) | 2.6–10.6 | 5 (3.8) | 1.6–8.6 | ||||
| Total | 500 | 56 (11.2) | 8.7–14.3 | 33 (6.6) | 4.7–9.1 | 9 (1.8) | 0.9–3.3 | 7 (1.4) | 0.9–2.9 | ||||
P-values were calculated with Fisher’s exact test only for variables below five (keeping condition, sex, weekly sanitation of the dog enclosures, presence of tick on the dog body and tri-monthly application of ectoparasiticides) for D. immitis and B. burgdorferi (s.l.); all other P-values were calculated with Chi-square test
Significant variables (P-values ≤ 0.05) are marked in bold
aConfidence interval
bDegrees of freedom