Table 1.
Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics
| Characteristics | Alcohol‐dependent patients (ADP) | Healthy controls (HC) | p | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | % | (N) | Mean | SD | % | (N) | ||
| Age, years | 46.4 | 7.7 | 45.3 | 11.4 | NS | ||||
| Gender, female | 31 | (13) | 43 | (15) | NS | ||||
| Education level: without high‐school graduation/with high‐school graduation/university | 81 (34)/14 (6)/5 (2) | 80 (28)/11 (4)/9 (3) | NS | ||||||
| Premorbid intelligence, MWT‐B | 103.4 | 11.4 | 107.4 | 11.4 | NS | ||||
| Mini‐mental state examination, MMSE | 28.2 | 1.1 | 29.5 | 0.7 | <0.001 | ||||
| Days abstinent at neuropsychological assessment (NP) T1 | 54.6 | 31.9 | / | / | |||||
| Days last heavy drinking (HD) at NP T1 | 61.9 | 29.2 | / | / | |||||
| Time between NP T1 and T2, days | 37.4 | 6.4 | 39.9 | 7.5 | NS | ||||
| HD days last year | 224.8 | 113.7 | / | / | |||||
| % HD days, TLFB (last 90 days before treatment entry) | 31.4 | 24.8 | / | / | |||||
| % abstinent days, TLFB (last 90 days before treatment entry) | 67.0 | 25.0 | / | / | |||||
| Drinking amount (g)/drinking day, TLFB (last 90 days before treatment entry)a | 151.8 | 83.8 | / | / | |||||
| Age first sip of alcohol | 13.2 | 4.2 | / | / | |||||
| Age first intoxicationb | 16.7 | 4.9 | / | / | |||||
| Age of regular drinking onset (drinking at least once a week) | 21.4 | 9.0 | |||||||
| Age of regular HD onset (HD at least once a week) | 25.9 | 11.9 | |||||||
| Duration of alcohol dependence, years | 10.7 | 9.0 | / | / | |||||
| Smokers | 91 | (38) | 91 | (32) | NS | ||||
| Drug use (last 3 months): cannabis/stimulants/opioids | 5 (2)/0 (0)/0 (0) | 6 (2)/0 (0)/0 (0) | NS | ||||||
| Comorbidity—substance dependence (SCID/DSM‐IV): | |||||||||
| Alcohol and benzodiazepine (BZD) dependence/alcohol, BZD, and cannabis dependence | 12 (5)/2 (1) | / | |||||||
| Depressive symptoms: | |||||||||
| BDI II at NP T1 | 17.5 | 11.1 | 3.7 | 4.2 | <0.001 | ||||
| BDI II at NP T2c | 9.2 | 9.7 | / | / | |||||
| Psychological distress | |||||||||
| SCL‐90‐R (T score) at NP T1 | 59.2 | 9.0 | 44.3 | 7.2 | <0.001 | ||||
| SCL‐90‐R (T score) at NP T2 | 52.7 | 10.8 | / | / | |||||
| Comorbidity—mental illness (SCID/DSM‐IV): | |||||||||
| Depressive disorder/anxiety disorder | 5 (2)/7 (3) | / | |||||||
NS, p‐value > 0.05; MWT‐B, Mehrfachwahl–Wortschatz test; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; TLFB, Timeline Followback; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview DSM‐IV disorders; BDI II, Beck Depression Inventory II; SCL‐90‐R, Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised.
Information for a N = 35 patients (7 patients were already abstinent during this period), and is missing for b1 and c2 patients.