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. 2021 Mar 19;8(1):e001471. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001471

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Relative hazard of major bleeding (top panels) and death (bottom panels) in relation to levels of GDF-15 among patients from different regions in the ARISTOTLE (left panels) and RE-LY (right panels) trials. An arbitrary reference point is set at a GDF-15 value of 1500 ng/L in Europe. The p value in each panel is for a test of no interaction between region and GDF-15. ARISTOTLE, Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation; GDF-15, growth differentiation factor 15; RE-LY, Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy.