. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Advers Resil Sci. 2020 Jun 16;1(2):107–119. doi: 10.1007/s42844-020-00007-5

Table 4.

Group differences on parent characteristics based on MANOVAs followed by Univariate analyses

	Non-challenged	Troubled	Resilient	Vulnerable	F value	Partial eta sq

Parent Characteristics	M (SD)	M (SD)	M (SD)	M (SD)

Father ASB	34.9 (4.3)^a	36.1 (6.2)^a	40.1 (7.1)^b	42.41 (8.7)^b	13.18^**	.18
Mother ASB	34.2 (4.7)^a	33.9 (4.6)^a	36.4 (6.0)	37.08 (5.2)^b	4.31^**	.07
Father CESD	6.6 (6.1)	5.9 (6.2)	6.8 (4.3)	7.3 (5.7)	.42	.01
Mother CESD	6.3 (5.5)	7.2 (5.9)	8.2 (6.3)	7.7 (5.7)	.91	.02
Father alcohol problems	.16 (.47) ^a	.13 (.29) ^a	6.8 (10.4) ^b	11.6 (17.8) ^c	10.09^**	.15
Mother alcohol problems	.02 (.10) ^a	.18 (.63) ^a	.78 (2.2) ^b	1.9 (3.6) ^c	6.74^**	.10

Note.

^**

p < .01

ASB: Antisocial Behavior Checklist; CESD: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression; QFI: Quantity-Frequency of Alcohol Intake. The response range on ASB was from 1 = never - you have never done this to 4 = often - more than ten times in your life; on CESD was from 0 = rarely or none of the time (less than 1day) to 3 = most or all of the time (5–7 days). Higher scores on all measures indicated higher risk or problems. The bolded numbers reflect significant group differences between resilient and vulnerable groups. Results remained unchanged with child gender as a covariate.