TABLE 1.

Vascular niche associated factors in the endocrine system in homeostasis, aging, and endocrine disorders.

Sl. No	Factor/Signal	Function	Cell Type	Condition	References
1	Angiopoietin-1	Angiogenesis, ovarian follicular development, ovulation	ECs, follicular cells		Xu and Stouffer, 2005; Abramovich et al., 2009
2	Angiotensin-1	Aldosterone release	Adrenocortical cells		Rosolowsky and Campbell, 1994; Ansurudeen et al., 2006
3	CSFR1	SSC renewal	SSC		Oatley et al., 2009
4	EG-VEGF	EC proliferation, migration and fenestration	ECs		LeCouter et al., 2001
5	Endothelin	Aldosterone and corticosterone release, insulin secretion	Adrenocortical cells, β-cells		Rosolowsky and Campbell, 1994; Belloni et al., 1996; Gregersen et al., 1996
6	Ezh2	β-cell expansion	β-cells	Aging	Chen et al., 2011
7	FGF-2	Mediation of endothelial GDNF, corpus luteum vascularization	ECs		Berisha et al., 2000; Bhang et al., 2018
8	Fibronectin, laminin, collagen	β-cell proliferation, insulin gene expression	β-cells		Kaido et al., 2004; Nikolova et al., 2006
9	GDNF	SSC survival and maintenance	SSCs		Kubota et al., 2004; Bhang et al., 2018
10	Gja1	Pancreatic islet capillary maintenance	ECs	Aging	Chen et al., 2020b
11	Glucocorticoids	Inhibition of angiogenesis, TSP-1 production	ECs	Aging	Logie et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2018
12	HIF-1α	Angiogenesis, VEGFA secretion, oxygen homeostasis	ECs	Hypertension	Gérard et al., 2009; Lysiak et al., 2009; Colli et al., 2019
13	HGF	β-cell proliferation	β-cells		Johansson et al., 2006
14	ICAM-1	Inflammation, immune cell recruitment	Immune cells	Aging	Chen et al., 2020b
15	Jagged1	Pituitary stem cell maintenance	Pituitary stem cells		Tando et al., 2013
16	MMPs	Periovulatory basement membrane breakdown, EC invasion, ECM remodeling, fibrosis	ECM	Aging, diabetes	Kano et al., 2005; Su et al., 2008; Almaça et al., 2014
17	Nitric oxide	Vasodilation, corticosterone and aldosterone production	ECs, adrenocortical cells	Diabetes, aging	Marin et al., 1999; Romero Maritza et al., 2008
18	NOTCH2	Perivascular progenitor maintenance	Perivascular progenitor cells		Kumar and DeFalco, 2018
19	p53	Insulin resistance, inflammation, lypolysis	Adipocytes	Obesity	Minamino et al., 2009; Vergoni et al., 2016
20	PDGFβ	EC proliferation and migration, pericyte activation, β-cell maintenance	ECs, pericytes, β-cells	PCOS	Nilsson et al., 2006; Woad et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2020b
21	Smad	Thyroid development, EC differentiation	Thyrocytes, ECs		Hick et al., 2013; Villacorte et al., 2016
22	TGF-β1	β-cell maintenance, angiogenesis	β-cells, follicular cells	PCOS	Tal et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2015; Jiang et al., 2018
23	Thy-1	Ovarian follicular growth, cellular differentiation	Granulosa cells		Bukovský et al., 1995
24	TSP-1	Inhibition of angiogenesis, TGF-β1 activation	ECs	PCOS	Crawford et al., 1998; Thomas et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2015
25	VEGFA	Angiogenesis, ovarian follicular growth, corpus luteum vascularization, seminiferous tube formation	ECs	Aging	Ferrara et al., 1998; Berisha et al., 2000; Klein et al., 2000; Bott et al., 2006; Yang and Fortune, 2007; McFee et al., 2009
26	VEGFR2	Fenestrae formation, follicular cell proliferation	ECs, follicular cells		Jang et al., 2017