Table 1.
Organ system specific abnormalities in human sepsis and following cecal ligation and puncture
| Measurements/Tests | Has been determined in clinical sepsis | Has been determined in mice/rats following cecal ligation and puncture | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Organ System | |||
| Heart | Echocardiographic abnormalities (21) | ||
| HR | Y | Y | |
| SV | Y | Y | |
| EF | Y | Y | |
| LVEDV | Y | Y | |
| LVEDP | Y | Y | |
| LVESV | Y | Y | |
| LVESP | Y | Y | |
| PAP | Y | Y | |
| Strain | Y | Y | |
| Fractional shortening | Y | Y | |
| Lung | PaO2; PaO2/FiO2 ratio | Y | Y |
| Lung water/wet/dry ratio (35) | Y | Y | |
| Cell counts/protein (BAL) | Y | Y | |
| Fixed tissue analyses (33) | Y | ||
| Edema | |||
| Neutrophils | |||
| proteinaceous exudate | |||
| hyaline membrane | |||
| Tissue homogenate | Y | ||
| MPO (33) | Y | ||
| Cytokine levels | Y | ||
| Liver | Decreased hepatic protein synthesis | Y | |
| Albumin | Y | ||
| Transferrin | Y | ||
| Transthyretin | Y | Y | |
| Impaired gene expression (42–45, 47) | Y | Y | |
| Impaired detoxification (49, 50, 51) | Y | ||
| Increased bilirubin | Y | Y | |
| Decreased lidocaine clearance | |||
| Decreased cellular integrity | Y | Y | |
| AST, ALT | Y | Y | |
| Abnormal bile acids (41) | Y | ||
| Kidney | Urine output | Y | Y |
| RBF (74, 75, 76) | Y | Y | |
| GFR (73) | Y | Y | |
| Inulin | |||
| Creatinine | Y | Y | |
| Cystatin-C | Y | Y | |
| Transcutaneous measurements | Y | Y | |
| Tubular stress markers (71) | |||
| IGFBP7 | Y | Y | |
| TIMP2 | Y | Y | |
| Tubular injury markers (70, 76) | |||
| KIM-1 | Y | Y | |
| NGAL | Y | Y | |
| Gastrointestinal tract | Motility (83, 95, 96) | ||
| Intracolonic balloon-tipped catheters | |||
| Ingestion/tracking of solid beads | Y | Y | |
| Mucosal barrier integrity | Y | Y | |
| FD-4, EDTA, Ovalbumin (93, 97, 98) | |||
| Microbiome composition (101) | Y | Y | |
| Histology | Y | ||
| Crypt atrophy, villus shortening/atrophy, intestinal apoptosis (100) | |||
| Tight junction proteins (93, 99) | Y | ||
| Claudin-2 | |||
| Claudin-5 | |||
| Occludin | |||
| JAM-A | |||
| Brain | Lethargy | Y | Y |
| Anorexia | Y | Y | |
| Memory, learning, behavior (11, 12) | Y | Y | |
| Fixed tissue analyses: | Y | ||
| Lateral hypothalamic staining Orexinergic activity (109) | |||
| Basal forebrain staining Cholinergic activity (110) | |||
| Hippocampal staining Dendritic spines (12) | |||
| EEG (115) | |||
| MRI (116, 117) | |||
| Skeletal muscle | Postural instability (136) | Y | Y |
| CPK elevation | Y | Y | |
| Total mitochondrial content (138) | Y | ||
| Impaired mitochondrial membrane potential (138, 139) | Y | Y | |
| Myography (129, 130) | |||
| Tissue cytokine levels (133–135) | Y | ||
| IL-1 | Y | ||
| IL-6 | |||
| IL-10 | |||
| TNF-α |
CPK, Creatine phosphokinase; EDTA, ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid; EF, ejection fraction; FD-4, fluorescein isothyocyanate-conjugated-dextran; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HR, heart rate; IGFBP7, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-7; KIM-1, Kidney Injury Molecule-1; NgAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; PAP, pulmonary artery pressure; RBF, renal blood flow; TIMP2, tissue-inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2.
Y denotes YES