. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020 Mar 12;8(7):2234–2242. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.03.003

Table 3.

Patient characteristics associated with poor technique.

Characteristic
Female^57–60
Elderly⁵
Poorly controlled disease^61–66
Low income and/or socioeconomic status^{58,60,61,67–69}
COPD⁷⁰
Lack of prior inhaler training^61,68,71
Simultaneous use of MDIs and DPIs^70–72
Lack of belief in the necessity of using an inhaler⁶⁰
Low motivation to achieve disease control⁷³
Lack of adherence with inhaler over time⁷⁴
Less asthma knowledge^*⁵⁵
Less self-efficacy^*⁵⁵

in children