Table 3.

Mechanisms of resveratrol antibacterial activity.

Organisms	Mechanism descriptions	Concentration (μg/mL)	References
Biofilm
Fusobacterium nucleatum	Gene expression was downregulated in the biofilm	1.5625–25	[124]
Escherichia coli	Reduce expression of curli genes (csgA and csgB)	50–100	[103, 130]
Propionibacterium acnes	Reduction in biofilm production		[131]
Vibrio cholerae	Reduction in biofilm production	10–30	[110]
Staphylococcus aureus	No reduction in biofilm formation	20–100	[132]
Staphylococcus aureus	Repressed the α-hemolysin hla gene and the intercellular adhesion locus (icaA and icaD)	100	[98, 133]
Arcobacter butzleri and Campylobacter spp.	Reduction in biofilm production	12.5–50	[114]
Listeria monocytogenes	Reduction in biofilm production	50–100	[134]
Motility
Escherichia coli	Reduction in swarming	20	[26]
Proteus mirabilis	Reduction in swarming	15–60	[135]
Vibrio vulnificus	Reduction in swarming	30 μM	[136]
Quorum sensing (QS)
Yersinia enterocolitica	Reduction in QS	10–20	[137, 138]
Burkholderia spp.	Reduction in QS	25 μM	[139]
Toxins
Proteus mirabilis	Inhibited and blocked swarming through an RsbA-dependent pathway	30–60	[135]
Staphylococcus aureus	Reduced haemolysis	20	[92, 133]
Staphylococcus aureus	Reduced haemolysis	10–100	[92, 133]
Vibrio vulnificus	Reduced toxin expression	10–30 μM	[136]
Vibrio cholerae	Suppressed toxin activity	300–400 μM	[140]
Adhesion
Vibrio vulnificus	Reduced adhesion to host cells	10–30 μM	[136]
Colonisation
Helicobacter pylori	Decreased urease activity	6.25–400	[117]