Table 3:
Health effects associated with toenail concentrations of arsenic.
| Reference | Cancer | Cardiovascular effects | Other health effects |
|---|---|---|---|
| Breton et al., 2006, Bangladesh | (∅) Hemoglobin level | ||
| Breton et al., 2007b, Bangladesh | (↑) Skin lesions | ||
| Huyck et al., 2007, Bangladesh | ∅ Birth weight | ||
| Ali et al., 2010, Bangladesh | (↓) Plasma cholinesterase | ||
| Karim et al., 2010, Bangladesh | (↑) Activity of lactate dehydrogenase | ||
| Hossain et al., 2012, Bangladesh | (↑) Big endothelin-1 | ||
| Seow et al., 2012, Bangladesh | (↑) Skin lesions | ||
| Karim et al., 2013, Bangladesh | (↑) Oxidized low-density lipoprotein and other inflammatory and adhesion molecules | ||
| Pan et al., 2013, Bangladesh | (↑) Risk of diabetes | ||
| Huda et al., 2014, Bangladesh | (↑) Hypertension | ||
| Islam et al., 2015, Bangladesh | (↑) Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 | ||
| Rahman et al., 2015, Bangladesh | (↑) Vascular endothelial growth factor | ||
| Kile et al., 2016, Bangladesh | (↓) Birth weight | ||
| Hasibuzzaman et al., 2017, Bangladesh | (↑) Soluble thrombomodulin | ||
| Hossain et al., 2017, Bangladesh | (↓) Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) | ||
| Rahman et al., 2017, Bangladesh | (↓) Birth weight | ||
| Tauheed et al., 2017, Bangladesh | (↑) Risk of myelomeningocele | ||
| Aguiar et al., 2001, Brazil | (∅) Cystic fibrosis. | ||
| Yu et al., 2014a, Canada | (↓) Obesity | ||
| Yu et al., 2014b, Canada | (↓) Obesity | ||
| Lampron-Goulet et al., 2017, Canada | (↑) Risk of diabetes | ||
| Otto et al., 2007, China | (↑) Neurosensory effects | ||
| Mumford et al., 2007, China | (↑) Risk of arrhythmia | ||
| Mo et al., 2009a, China | (↑) mRNA levels of ERCC1 expression | ||
| Mo et al., 2009b, China | (↑) hTERT mRNA expression levels | ||
| Wade et al., 2015, China | (↑) Risk of cardiovascular disease | ||
| Maity et al., 2012, India | (↑) Skin lesions | ||
| Al-Sabbak et al., 2012, Iraq | (↑) Birth defects | ||
| Lee et al., 2016, Korea | (↑) Serum triglyceride and total cholesterol level | ||
| Saat et al., 2013, Malaysia | (↑) Hypertension | ||
| Yager et al., 2016, Mexico | (∅) Risk of melanoma | ||
| Gonzalez-Cortes et al., 2017, Mexico | (↑) MMP9 methylaFon | ||
| Amaral et al., 2012, Spain | (↑) Risk of pancreatic cancer | ||
| Tajuddin et al., 2013, Spain | (↓) LINE-1 methylation | ||
| Intarasunanont et al., 2012, Thailand | (↑) p53 methylaFon. | ||
| Phookphan et al., 2017, Thailand | (↓) Gene hypomethylaFon (↑) 8-nitroguanine level | ||
| Garland et al., 1996, USA | (∅) Breast cancer | ||
| Nichols et al., 1998, USA | (↑) Risk of skin cancer | ||
| Karagas et al., 2001b, USA | (↑) Risk of skin cancer | ||
| Freeman et al., 2004, USA | (↑) Risk melanoma | ||
| Karagas et al., 2004, USA | (↑) Risk of bladder cancer among smokers | ||
| Marsit et al., 2006, USA | (↑) Tumor suppressor genes (RASSF1A and PRSS3) (∅) p16INK4A | ||
| Andrew et al., 2009, USA | (↑) Risk of lung cancer | ||
| Heck et al., 2009, USA | (↑) Risk of lung cancer | ||
| Mordukhovich et al., 2009, USA | (↑) Risk factor for arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death | ||
| Kwong et al., 2010, USA | (↓) Survival hazard raFo bladder cancer | ||
| Johnson et al., 2011, USA | (↑) Colorectal cancer and lung cancer | ||
| Karagas et al., 2012, USA | (↑) Risk of bladder cancer | ||
| Lambrou et al., 2012, USA | (↓) Decreasing LINE-1 DNA methylation | ||
| Lesseur et al., 2012, USA | (↑) Risk of bladder cancer | ||
| Mordukhovich et al., 2012, USA | (↑) Hypertension | ||
| Burgess et al., 2014, USA | (↓) Alpha 1-Antitrypsin | ||
| Farzan et al., 2015, USA | (↑) Risk of ischemic heart disease mortality among smokers | ||
| Wong et al., 2015, USA | (∅) Arterial compliance (augmentation index). | ||
| Beamer et al., 2016, USA | (↓) Lung funcFon | ||
| Farzan et al., 2016, USA | (↑) GestaFonal diabetes | ||
| Green et al., 2016, USA | (↑) Placental DNA methylaFon | ||
| Appleton et al, 2017, USA | (↑) Placental NR3C1 methylaFon | ||
| Farzan et al., 2017, USA | (↑) Cellular adhesion molecules (↓) matrix metalloproteinase-9 | ||
| Nygaard et al., 2017, USA | (↓) T cell populaFon at birth |
↓ = Decreased effect. ↑ = Increased effect. ∅ = Null effect. USA = United States of America. The studies are sorted by country, year, and first author’s name.