Table 2.
Associations of maternal early pregnancy dietary glycemic index and load with fetal growth and birth characteristics
| Difference in head circumference SDS (95% CI) | Difference in abdominal circumference SDS (95% CI) | Difference in length SDS (95% CI) |
Difference in weight SDS (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal early pregnancy glycemic index (SDS) | ||||
| Mid-pregnancy | ||||
| n = 3351 | n = 3354 | n = 3352 | n = 3336 | |
| Basic modela | −0.02 (−0.06; 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.04; 0.02) | 0.02 (−0.01; 0.06) | 0.01 (−0.03; 0.04) |
| Adjusted modelb | −0.01 (−0.05; 0.02) | 0.00 (−0.04; 0.03) | 0.02 (−0.02; 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.03; 0.04) |
| Late-pregnancy | ||||
| n = 3365 | n = 3391 | n = 3400 | n = 3387 | |
| Basic modela | −0.03 (−0.06; 0.01) | 0.01 (−0.03; 0.04) | −0.02 (−0.05; 0.02) | 0.00 (−0.03; 0.04) |
| Adjusted modelb | −0.02 (−0.05; 0.02) | 0.02 (−0.02; 0.05) | 0.00 (−0.04; 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.02; 0.05) |
| Birth | ||||
| n = 1942 | n = 2323 | n = 3456 | ||
| Basic modela | −0.03 (−0.08; 0.02) | n.a. | −0.02 (−0.07; 0.02) | −0.03 (−0.06; 0.00) |
| Adjusted modelb | −0.02 (−0.07; 0.03) | n.a. | −0.01 (−0.06; 0.04) | −0.02 (−0.06; 0.01) |
| Difference in head circumference SDS (95% CI) | Difference in abdominal circumference SDS (95% CI) |
Difference in length SDS (95% CI) |
Difference in weight SDS (95% CI) |
|
| Maternal early pregnancy glycemic load (SDS) | ||||
| Mid-pregnancy | ||||
| n = 3351 | n = 3354 | n = 3352 | n = 3336 | |
| Basic modela | 0.01 (−0.02; 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.02; 0.05) | 0.02 (−0.01; 0.05) | 0.02 (−0.01; 0.05) |
| Adjusted modelb | 0.01 (−0.06; 0.08) | 0.03 (−0.04; 0.10) | 0.06 (−0.01; 0.12) | 0.06 (−0.01; 0.12) |
| Late-pregnancy | ||||
| n = 3365 | n = 3391 | n = 3400 | n = 3387 | |
| Basic modela | 0.00 (−0.03; 0.04) | 0.03 (0.00; 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.03; 0.04) | 0.03 (0.00; 0.07) |
| Adjusted modelb | −0.02 (−0.09; 0.05) | 0.08 (0.01; 0.15)* | 0.00 (−0.07; 0.07) | 0.07 (0.00; 0.14) |
| Birth | ||||
| n = 1942 | n = 2323 | n = 3456 | ||
| Basic modela | 0.01 (−0.04; 0.06) | n.a. | 0.02 (−0.03; 0.06) | 0.02 (−0.02; 0.05) |
| Adjusted modelb | 0.04 (−0.06; 0.14) | n.a. | 0.00 (−0.09; 0.09) | −0.01 (−0.07; 0.06) |
n.a.: not available
*p value < 0.05
Values represent regression coefficients (95% confidence interval) from linear regression models that reflect differences in standard deviation score of fetal growth and birth characteristics per one increase in standard deviation of maternal dietary glycemic index and load intake during early pregnancy
aBasic models were adjusted for gestational age at study enrollment
bAdjusted models were the basic models additionally adjusted for maternal age, parity, educational level, pre-pregnancy BMI, early pregnancy total daily energy intake, smoking during pregnancy, alcohol use during pregnancy, daily nausea, and vomiting during early pregnancy and fetal sex