Table 3.
Associations of maternal early pregnancy dietary glycemic index and load with the risks of adverse birth outcomes
| Preterm birth OR (95% CI) (N cases = 162) |
Small-for-gestational age at birth OR (95% CI) (N cases = 345) |
Large-for-gestational age at birth OR (95% CI) (N cases = 345) |
Caesarian delivery OR (95% CI) (N cases = 410) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal early pregnancy glycemic index (SDS) | ||||
| Basic modela | 1.13 (0.97; 1.32) | 1.04 (0.93; 1.16) | 0.86 (0.77; 0.96)* | 0.93 (0.84; 1.04) |
| Adjusted modelb | 1.12 (0.95; 1.32) | 1.01 (0.90; 1.14) | 0.86 (0.76; 0.97)* | 0.98 (0.89; 1.11) |
| Maternal early pregnancy glycemic load (SDS) | ||||
| Basic modela | 1.01 (0.86; 1.18) | 1.03 (0.92; 1.15) | 0.94 (0.84; 1.05) | 0.93 (0.84; 1.03) |
| Adjusted modelb | 1.26 (0.92; 1.71) | 0.97 (0.78; 1.21) | 0.80 (0.64; 1.02) | 1.01 (0.82; 1.25) |
*p value < 0.05
Values are odds ratios (95% confidence interval) obtained from logistic regression analysis reflecting the differences in odds of adverse birth outcomes per standard deviation change of maternal dietary glycemic index and glycemic load intake during early pregnancy
aBasic models were adjusted for gestational age at study enrollment
bAdjusted models were the basic models additionally adjusted for maternal age, parity, educational level, pre-pregnancy BMI, early pregnancy total daily energy intake, smoking during pregnancy, alcohol use during pregnancy, daily nausea, and vomiting during early pregnancy and fetal sex