Table 2.
Adenosine and adenosine-mediated coronary microvascular function in cardiometabolic disease
| Disease | Species | Agent | Administration route | Receptor | Coronary effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypertension | Human | Adenosine | Intracoronary infusion | Coronary flow reserve ↓ | [105] | |
| Swine | Adenosine | Intravenous infusion | Myocardial microvascular funciton ↓ | [74] | ||
| Rat | Adenosine | Bolus injection in isolated arteries (diameter: ~ 200 μm) | Coronary relaxation ↓ | [43] | ||
| Rat | CGS21680 | Bolus injection in isolated arteries (diameter: ~ 200 μm) | A2AR | Coronary relaxation ↓ | [43] | |
| Rat | APNEA | Infusion in isolated hearts | A3AR | Coronary relaxation ↓ | [38] | |
| Rat | Cl-IB-MECA | Infusion in isolated hearts | A3AR | Coronary relaxation ↓ | [38] | |
| Diabetes | Human with T2D | Adenosine | Intravenous infusion | Coronary flow reserve ↓ | [48] | |
| Swine with MS | Adenosine | Intracoronary infusion | A2BR | Coronary blood flow - | [8] | |
| Swine with MS | 2-CAD | Bolus injection in pressurized arterioles (diameter: 50–150 μm) | A2BR | Coronary reaxation - | [8] | |
| Rats with insulin resistance | Adenosine | Intravenous infusion | Myocardial microvascular funciton ↓ | [102] | ||
| Mouse with T1D | CGS21680 | Infusion in isolated hearts | A2AR | Coronary flow ↑ | [45] | |
| Mouse with T2D | Adenosine | Infusion in isolated hearts | Coronary flow ↓ | [58] | ||
| Atherosclerosis | Human | Adenosine | Intracoronary infusion | Coronary flow reserve ↓ | [72] | |
| Monkey | Adenosine | Bolus injection in pressurized arterioles (diameter 122–220 μm) | Coronary relaxation - | [84] | ||
| Mouse | CGS21680 | Infusion in isolated hearts | A2AR | Coronary flow ↑ | [97] | |
| Mouse | Occlusion in isolated hearts | A2AR | Baseline flow and RH ↓ | [120] | ||
| Ischemic heart disease | Swine | Up4A | Bolus injection in isolated arteries (diameter ~ 150 μm) | A2BR | Coronary relaxation ↓ | [123] |
| Dog | DPMA | Intravenous infusion | A2AR | Increase in coronary blood flow ↓ | [16] | |
| Dog | Adenosine | Intracoronary infusion | Increase in coronary flow ↓ | [103] |
A2AR agonist: CGS21680; DPMA; A2BR agonist: 2-CAD; A3R agonist: APNEA, Cl-IB-MECA; MS: metabolic syndrome; T1D: type 2 diabetes; T2D: type 2 diabetes
↑ enhanced effect, ↓ reduced effect; – the effect is not different