Table 2.
Food groups by treatment group (n = 21)
| Parameters | 1C | 3C | PC | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coffee (mL/day) | 35.00 | (0.00)b | 105.00 | (0.00)a | 35.00 | (0.00)b | 0.000 |
| Tea, herbal tea, and infusion (mL/day) | 0.00 | (49.17) | 3.33 | (70.00) | 0.00 | (58.33) | 0.061 |
| Alcoholic beverage (mL/day) | 100.00 | (250.00) | 193.33 | (336.67) | 133.33 | (227.33) | 0.784 |
| Non-alcoholic beverage (mL/day) | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.00 | (66.67) | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.307 |
| Juice (mL/day) | 0.00 | (30.00) | 0.00 | (66.67) | 0.00 | (36.67) | 0.982 |
| Fruit (g/day) | 109.67 | (156.83) | 99.67 | (139.17) | 120.00 | (130.83) | 0.784 |
| Nuts (g/day) | 0.00 | (8.17) | 0.05 | (15.87) | 2.50 | (6.67) | 0.724 |
| Spices and herbs (g/day) | 0.00 | (2.08) | 0.00 | (0.30) | 0.00 | (1.83) | 0.359 |
| Vegetable (g/day) | 135.33 | (105.33) | 86.67 | (117.11) | 93.33 | (101.67) | 0.276 |
| Tuber and potato (g/day) | 0.00 | (21.67) | 17.00 | (30.00) | 16.67 | (45.33) | 0.220 |
| Bread, crispbread, and rusk (g/day) | 105.00 | (86.83) | 148.33 | (114.42) | 151.33 | (119.85) | 0.717 |
| Pasta and other cereals (g/day) | 50.15 | (42.49) | 77.54 | (75.55) | 74.97 | (58.20) | 0.110 |
| Breakfast cereal (g/day) | 0.00 | (4.17) | 0.00 | (6.67) | 0.00 | (9.67) | 0.798 |
| Legumes (g/day) | 0.00 | (28.33) | 11.67 | (23.33) | 0.00 | (25.00) | 0.258 |
| Milk and yogurt (g/day) | 83.33 | (100.07) | 66.67 | (87.62) | 71.60 | (68.00) | 0.592 |
| Dairy (g/day) | 38.33 | (40.03) | 36.67 | (40.48) | 33.33 | (36.73) | 0.229 |
| Egg (g/day) | 0.00 | (35.83) | 1.20 | (20.83) | 0.00 | (19.50) | 0.743 |
| Meat (g/day) | 43.33 | (54.67) | 26.67 | (56.67) | 33.33 | (64.35) | 0.627 |
| Cold cut and preserved meat (g/day) | 23.33 | (25.83) | 23.33 | (31.50) | 26.67 | (21.67) | 0.640 |
| Fish and shellfish (g/day) | 16.67 | (39.00) | 13.33 | (48.33) | 16.67 | (52.50) | 0.625 |
| Oil and fat (g/day) | 19.30 | (15.20) | 17.94 | (17.37) | 20.00 | (20.82) | 0.864 |
| Dessert and confectionary (g/day) | 84.33 | (69.73)b | 48.04 | (64.05)c | 129.77 | (80.55)a | 0.000 |
| Miscellaneous (g/day) | 3.67 | (12.84) | 0.67 | (7.74) | 1.15 | (7.60) | 0.368 |
All values are reported as median (IR). Different letters in the same row indicate differences among the three treatment groups (p < 0.05 from repeated measurement Friedman non-parametric tests with pairwise post hoc test)
Legend: 1C: group consuming 1 cup of espresso coffee/day; 3C: group consuming 3 cups of espresso coffee/day; PC: group consuming 1 cup of espresso coffee plus 2 cocoa-based products containing coffee twice per day.