Figure 4.

Serial dependence in a predictive coding framework

Predictive coding assumes that perception arises from the interaction of prior expectations with bottom-up signals carrying new information. Perceptual expectations, generated at higher levels, are fed back to earlier brain sites (thick arrow loop) so that only unexpected information (prediction error [ε]) is carried over. Our results suggest priors are compared to sensory information that does not include spatial context of the current trial. Spatial context, however, contributes to the formation of the priors that affect subsequent presentations.