Skip to main content
. 2021 Jan 12;161:105119. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105119

Table 2.

Means and standard deviations for food parenting practices (positive mealtime practices, general feeding practices, snack parenting practices) for the total sample and separated for pre-school and school-aged children.

Total sample (N = 318)
 Pre-school children (n = 149)
 School-aged children (n = 169)
 p-valuea
M SD M SD M SD
Positive mealtime practices
Variety of healthy food available 4.03 0.73 4.05 0.63 4.01 0.81 0.667
Child helps prepare food 2.45 0.99 2.21 1.02 2.67 0.92 <0.001
Parent or partner/spouse eats with child 3.23 0.77 3.34 0.78 3.13 0.76 0.019
Parent engages with child around mealtime (e.g. teach about nutrition) 2.55 1.04 2.56 0.99 2.54 1.08 0.903
Parent models healthy eating 3.25 0.91 3.26 0.89 3.23 0.93 0.774
General feeding practices
PFSQ emotional feedingb 2.04 0.94 2.10 0.97 1.98 0.91 0.249
PFSQ instrumental feeding 2.12 0.83 2.25 0.80 2.00 0.85 0.007
CFPQ monitoringc 3.60 1.10 3.86 0.95 3.38 1.17 <0.001
FPSQ structured meal settingd 3.81 0.92 3.92 0.84 3.72 0.97 0.044
FPSQ structured meal timing 3.38 0.82 3.55 0.79 3.24 0.81 0.001
FPSQ family meal setting 3.80 0.99 3.76 1.02 3.83 0.97 0.497
Snack parenting practices (P-SNAQ)e
Emotion-based snack feeding 2.22 0.85 2.34 0.86 2.11 0.84 0.017
Restriction of snacks 2.12 0.92 2.38 0.90 1.89 0.88 <0.001
Snack planning and routines 2.19 0.85 2.35 0.84 2.06 0.84 0.003
Snack rules and limits 2.74 0.85 2.88 0.79 2.63 0.89 0.008
a

One-way ANOVA results are presented. Results remained the same when group differences were examined with Mann-Whitney U-tests because some scales showed a tendency for non-normality.

b

Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire (PFSQ), 1 = ‘never’ to 5 = ‘always’ (Wardle et al., 2002).

c

Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ), 1 = ‘never’ to 5 = ‘always’ (Musher-Eizenman & Holub, 2007).

d

Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire (FPSQ), 1 = ‘never’ to 5 = ‘always’ (Jansen et al., 2016).

e

Parenting around SNAcking Questionnaire (P-SNAQ), 1 = ‘really not like me’ to 4 = ‘Really like me’ (Davison et al., 2018).