Table 3.

Associations between overall COVID-19 stress and food parenting practices.

	Overall COVID-19 stress score
	β	95%CI	p-value
Positive mealtime practices
Variety of healthy food available	−0.17	-.24, −.04	0.008
Child helps prepare food	0.07	-.05, .20	0.256
Parent or partner/spouse eats with child	0.15	.02, .24	0.022
Parent engages with child around mealtime (e.g. teach about nutrition)	0.21	.10, .39	0.001
Parent models healthy eating	0.05	-.09, .19	0.460
General feeding practices
PFSQ emotional feedinga	0.20	.08, .33	0.001
PFSQ instrumental feeding	0.28	.15, .36	<0.001
CFPQ monitoringb	0.06	-.07, .22	0.324
FPSQ structured meal settingc	0.02	-.11, .15	0.772
FPSQ structured meal timing	0.06	-.05, .16	0.273
FPSQ family meal setting	0.05	-.09, .19	0.480
Snack parenting practices (P-SNAQ)d
Emotion-based snack feeding	0.17	.04, .28	0.011
Restriction of snacks	0.13	.02, .25	0.025
Snack planning and routines	0.20	.08, .29	<0.001
Snack rules and limits	0.16	.04, .26	0.007

Simultaneously examined and adjusted for child age, pre-COVID-19 stress level, SES.

Model fit: χ2 (df) = 7.40 (6), p = 0.286, RMSEA = 0.03 (0.00-0.08), CFI = 1.00 and TLI = 0.98.

^aParental Feeding Style Questionnaire (PFSQ), 1 = ‘never’ to 5 = ‘always’ (Wardle et al., 2002).

^bComprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ), 1 = ‘never’ to 5 = ‘always’ (Musher-Eizenman & Holub, 2007).

^cFeeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire (FPSQ), 1 = ‘never’ to 5 = ‘always’ (Jansen et al., 2016).

^dParenting around SNAcking Questionnaire (P-SNAQ), 1 = ‘really not like me’ to 4 = ‘Really like me’ (Davison et al., 2018).