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. 2021 Mar 23;11:6652. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85765-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hazardous droplet size range, when there is minimal or no dehydration: (A) Visuals of heat-maps for inspiratory transmission trends in AR1 (top map) and AR2 (bottom map), showing the percentage of droplets of each size undergoing nasopharyngeal deposition (NPD). Without any dehydration, the droplet density is assumed to be 1.0 g/mL. Data for different inhaled airflow rates are arranged along separate rows. Tracked droplet sizes are along the horizontal axis (positioned between the two heat-maps for AR1 and AR2). NPD peaks for droplets sized between 3 and 20 $μ$ in AR1 and 3 and 16 $μ$ in AR2. (C) The correlation between RANS-based SST k- $ω$ and LES results for the higher airflow rates i.e. 30, 55, and 85 L/min; therein the first three frames (bottom-left) are for AR1, the other three frames (bottom-right) correspond to data for AR2. The frames are on an aspect ratio of 0.5; $ρ$ represents the Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Heat-maps in (A) are generated by post-processing the simulated data on MATLAB R2020a (MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts; link to software homepage). The correlation plots in (B) are generated on Mathematica 12.0 (Wolfram Research, Champaign, Illinois; link to software homepage).