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. 2021 Mar 23;11:6078. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85801-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Loss of neuronal staining progressed while micro- and astro-glial processes greatly expanded during the simulated PMI. From 0 to 2H, glia in the gray matter were mainly non-reactive and neurons (NeuN) were degrading, starting at 4H and peaking at 12H the activation of microglia (CD68) and astrocytes (GFAP) was seen with overlapping cellular processes. Small GFAP positive nodules appeared on astrocytic processes at 8H and increased so that by 12H they became the most prominent form of GFAP staining. At 24H, tissues appeared physically degraded with astrocyte cell bodies no longer identifiable, neurons (NeuN) mostly degraded, and rounded microglia. (HE = hematoxylin & eosin staining).