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. 2021 Mar 23;11:6677. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86247-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cholecystectomy but not gallstone carrier status is associated with changes in beta diversity. (a) Heat map of point-biserial correlations between the group of individuals post-cholecystectomy (PCE, left) or gallstone carriers (GC, right) and beta diversity. The beta diversity indices Jensen-Shannon divergence (JSD), Bray–Curtis dissimilarity (BC), Jaccard distance (JD), and Hellinger distance (HD) were computed separately for PCE or GC cases and their respective control groups. The first five principle coordinates (PCo) are shown and significant correlations indicated by *. (b) Shown are the normalized PCo3 and PCo4 based on JSD, BC, JD, or HD for PCE (left) or GC (right). The centroids of PCE or GC cases are indicated by red or yellow symbols, respectively. The centroids of the respective control groups are displayed by blue symbols.