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. 2021 Mar 23;11:6677. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86247-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Differences in intestinal microbiota composition between individuals post-cholecystectomy (PCE) and controls without gallstone disease. (a) Barplots (mean + sem) depict all taxa at genus level with significantly (*) different abundance between controls (n = 580, blue) and PCE cases (n = 580, red). (b) Presence-absence alterations of gut microbiota. Pie charts are displaying the fraction of non-zero samples (in black). Shown are all taxa with significant increase or decrease in PCE compared to controls. The odds ratios represent the reduced or increased likelihood of the respective taxon to be present in PCE samples compared to controls.