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. 2021 Mar 10;12:633167. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633167

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Copyright © 2021 Donninelli, Studer, Brambilla, Zecca, Peluso, Laroni, Michelis, Mantegazza, Confalonieri and Volpe.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Similar levels of immune soluble factors in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PP-MS) and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SP-MS). The levels of interleukin (IL)-1ra, IL-9, IL-15, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-8, interferon-gamma induced protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, regulated on the activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), eotaxin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were simultaneously measured in the CSF of PP-MS and SP-MS by multiplex assay. Each CSF sample was analyzed in duplicate and means are represented. Data are reported as mean ± SEM.