In vitro viability, proliferation and attachment of PT&GMPT hybrid scaffolds (BMSCs as a cell model). (a) Live/dead assay of BSMCs cultured on PT, 5% GMPT, 10% GMPT and 15% GMPT for 1 day. Scale bar, 200 μm. (b) Phalloidin-DAPI staining of HUVECs attached to PT, 5% GMPT, 10% GMPT and 15% GMPT on day 1. Scale bar, 50 μm. (c) SEM of BMSCs attached to PT, 5% GMPT, 10% GMPT and 15% GMPT for 1 day. Scale bar, 20 μm. (d) CCK-8 assay of BMSCs on PT, 5% GMPT, 10% GMPT and 15% GMPT for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. All scaffolds exhibited excellent cytocompatibility and provided a desirable environment for cell attachment and ingrowth. Asterisks indicate significant differences, * represents P<0.05, ** represents P<0.01.