Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 24.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Assess. 2019 Mar 28;31(7):925–938. doi: 10.1037/pas0000715

Table 4.

Known groups comparisons between SAD patients, patients with nonseasonal Major Depressive Disorder, and never-depressed controls on Seasonal Beliefs Questionnaire (SBQ) and Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS) scores

Measure n Mean SD Statistic for Group Comparison Cohen’s d [95% CI]
SBQ F(2, 277) = 190.60, p < .001 2.21 [1.91, 2.50]
  SADb,c 114 146.42 17.81
  MDDa,c 35 120.97 24.81
  Controla,b 134 93.34 23.09
SBQ-PD F(2, 280) = 240.86, p < .001 2.49 [2.18, 2.80]
  SADb,c 114 39.69 8.67
  MDDa,c 35 28.66 10.57
  Controla,b 134 15.98 7.7
SBQ-GS F(2, 280) = 33.51, p < .001 0.86 [0.62, 1.11]
  SADb,c 114 17.43 2.87
  MDDa 35 14.89 4.82
  Controla 134 13.85 3.49
SBQ-GW F(2, 280) = 39.67, p < .001 1.01 [0.77, 1.26]
  SADb,c 114 24.93 4.12
  MDDa,c 35 22.43 4.98
  Controla,b 134 19.36 5.5
SBQ-ELL F(2, 280) = 116.10, p < .001 1.75 [1.47, 2.02]
  SADb,c 114 34.03 5.47
  MDDa,c 35 28.63 7.34
  Controla,b 134 20.78 7.73
SBQ-LPSWE F(2, 280) = 58.34, p < .001 1.18 [0.93, 1.43]
  SADb,c 114 24.53 2.63
  MDDa,c 35 21.34 4.28
  Controla,b 134 19.23 4.55
DAS F(2, 278) = 21.18, p < .001 0.69 [0.45, 0.93]
  SADb,c 114 126.31 40.48
  MDDa,c 35 149.2 48.56
  Controla,b 132 104.48 35.66
SIGH-SAD F(2, 271) = 464.32, p < .001 3.49 [3.12, 3.87]
  SADb,c 109 30.04 7.32
  MDDa,c 34 17.59 10.19
  Controla,b 131 4.23 4.26
BDI-II F(2, 269) = 263.84, p < .001 2.75 [2.42, 3.08]
  SADb,c 108 22.21 8.39
  MDDa,c 34 16.76 11.87
  Controla,b 130 1.73 2.69

Note. Superscripts indicate paired contrast results:

a

significantly different from SAD group,

b

significantly different from MDD group,

c

significantly different from Control group. SAD = Seasonal affective disorder patients, MDD = Patients with non-seasonal Major Depressive Disorder, Control = control participants with no history of Major Depressive Disorder and global seasonality scores in the normal range. ES = effect size, expressed as Cohen’s d. See Table 1 for Seasonal Beliefs Questionnaire (SBQ) subscale names and abbreviations. DAS = Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale-Form A. SIGH-SAD = Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-Seasonal Affective Disorder Version. BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition.