Table 1.
Sample characteristics, by acceptance and completion of biochemical verification breath and urine tests (N = 270).
|
Frequency (%) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total sample | Accepted breath test* | Accepted urine test* | p-value^ | Completed either test | Did not complete either test | p-value^ | |
| Sample characteristics | n = 270 | n = 35 | n = 190 | n = 58 | n = 212 | ||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 49.1 (11.8) | 45.5 (12.7) | 49.0 (11.7) | 0.13 | 47.5 (10.1) | 49.6 (12.2) | 0.19 |
| Female | 203 (75.2) | 30 (85.7) | 137 (72.1) | 0.09 | 42 (72.4) | 161 (75.9) | 0.58 |
| Race | |||||||
| Black or African American | 186 (69.4) | 33 (94.3)† | 129 (68.6)† | 0.01† | 43 (75.4) | 143 (67.8) | 0.46 |
| White | 69 (25.7) | 2 (5.7)† | 49 (26.1)† | 11 (19.3) | 58 (27.5) | ||
| Other | 13 (4.9) | 0 (0.0)† | 10 (5.3)† | 3 (5.3) | 10 (4.7) | ||
| Hispanic | 8 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (3.2) | 0.29 | 0 (0.0) | 8 (3.8) | 0.14 |
| Annual pre-tax household income | |||||||
| < $10,000 | 129 (50.2) | 19 (54.3) | 91 (50.8) | 0.56 | 32 (57.1) | 97 (48.3) | 0.29 |
| $10,000 - $19,999 | 78 (30.4) | 8 (22.9) | 56 (31.3) | 17 (30.4) | 61 (30.3) | ||
| ≥ $20,000 | 50 (19.5) | 8 (22.9) | 32 (17.9) | 7 (12.5) | 43 (21.4) | ||
| Education, | |||||||
| < High school | 76 (28.4) | 11 (31.4) | 57 (30.2) | 0.78 | 17 (29.8) | 59 (28.0) | 0.96 |
| High school/ GED | 78 (29.1) | 8 (22.9) | 54 (28.6) | 16 (28.1) | 62 (29.4) | ||
| > High school | 114 (42.5) | 16 (45.7) | 78 (41.3) | 24 (42.1) | 90 (42.7) | ||
| Insurance status | |||||||
| Medicaid | 75 (28.4) | 8 (23.5) | 56 (29.8) | 0.25 | 16 (27.6) | 59 (28.6) | 0.77 |
| Medicare | 30 (11.4) | 5 (14.7) | 21 (11.2) | 6 (10.3) | 24 (11.7) | ||
| Dual Medicaid and Medicare | 70 (26.5) | 6 (17.6) | 51 (27.1) | 14 (24.1) | 56 (27.2) | ||
| Uninsured | 59 (22.3) | 12 (35.3) | 37 (19.7) | 16 (27.6) | 43 (20.9) | ||
| Gateway to Better Health‡ | 21 (8.0) | 3 (8.8) | 14 (7.4) | 3 (5.2) | 18 (8.7) | ||
| Veterans Affairs | 9 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (4.8) | 3 (5.2) | 6 (2.9) | ||
| Cigarettes per day, mean (SD) | 13.4 (9.2) | 12.8 (10.1) | 13.0 (8.3) | 0.88 | 12.2 (7.1) | 13.7 (9.7) | 0.20 |
| Age smoking initiation (years), mean (SD) | 16.5 (6.1) | 16.1 (5.8) | 16.6 (6.1) | 0.67 | 15.7 (4.7) | 16.8 (6.5) | 0.18 |
* “Accepted breath test” includes all those who indicated an interest in the breath test. “Accepted urine test” includes those who indicated an interest in the urine test when offered the choice between urine and breath tests or offered the urine test alone, it excludes those who were offered breath test then urine test.
^Chi-square tests for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous variables.
† The breath test was offered exclusively in the St. Louis, MO metropolitan area, which has a much higher Black or African American population than elsewhere in MO, thus the race difference.
‡ Gateway to Better Health is a health care program for uninsured adults in St. Louis City and County who are not eligible for Medicaid or Medicare.