TABLE 3.
Associations between access to full‐service restaurants and weight‐related behaviours and outcomes in 18 included studies
| ID | Study design | Country | N | Exposure | Outcome | Estimated effect β (SE) or OR [95% CI] | Pooled effect size [95% CI] | I 2 index (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI | ||||||||
| Auld (2009) 20 | CS | USA | 73 041 | Density of FSRs per 10 000 persons in school postal zone | Self‐reported BMI | 0.0011 (0.4) | β = 0.025 [−0.09, 0.059] | 36.2 |
| Powell (2007) 13 | CS | USA | 72 854 | Density of FSRs per 10 000 persons in home county | Self‐reported BMI | 0.0039 (0.0029) | ||
| Powell (2009) 21 | CO | USA | 585 | Density of FSRs per 10 000 persons in home county | Self‐reported BMI | 0.0323 (0.0276) | ||
| Davis (2009) 27 | CS | USA | 529 367 | Density of FSRs within 0.8 km from school | Measured BMI | 0.08 [0.01, 0.14] | ||
| Mellor (2011) 16 | CS | USA | 2023 | Density of FSRs within 1.6‐km road‐network buffer around home | Measured BMI | −0.06 [−0.74, 0.62] | ||
| Fiechtner (2013) 28 | CS | USA | 438 | Road‐network distance from home to the nearest FSRs | Measured BMI | 0.21 [−1.35, 1.76] | β = 0.193 [−1.291, 1.676] | 61.9 |
| Zhang (2016) 23 | CO | China | 348 | Straight‐line distance from home to the nearest FSRs (in quartiles) | Measured BMI | 1.97 [−0.05, 4.0] for boys | ||
| −1.70 [−4.29, 0.9] for girls | ||||||||
| Mellor (2011) 16 | CS | USA | 2023 | Number of FSFRs within 1.6‐km road‐network buffer around home | Measured BMI | 0.02 [−0.02, 0.06] | NA | NA |
| BMI percentile | ||||||||
| Lee (2012) 29 | CO | USA | 7730 | Density of FSRs per 1.6 km2 in home census tract | Measured BMI percentile (change) | −0.19 (0.56) | NA | NA |
| Li (2015) 17 | CS | USA | 646 | Composite score of probabilities that a child patronizes FSRs | Measured BMI percentile | −3.45 (SE is NA) | NA | NA |
| BMI z‐score | ||||||||
| Leung (2011) 6 | CO | USA | 353 | Density of FSRs per 1000 persons in 0.4/1.6‐km home road‐network buffer (in tertiles and quintiles) | Measured BMI z‐score | −0.06 [−0.2, 0.07)] | β = −0.091 [−0.195, 0.014] | 55.6 |
| Wall (2012) 25 | CS | USA | 2682 | Density of FSRs in 1.6‐km home straight‐line buffer | Measured BMI z‐score | −0.2 (0.066) for boys | ||
| −0.026 (0.051) for girls | ||||||||
| Wall (2012) 25 | CS | USA | 2682 | Straight‐line distance from home to the nearest FSRs | Measured BMI z‐score | 0.066 (0.065) for boys | β = 0.005 [−0.121, 0.132] | 81.0 |
| −0.122 (0.051) for girls | ||||||||
| Fiechtner (2015) 22 | CS | USA | 49 770 | Road‐network distance from home to the nearest FSRs | Measured BMI z‐score | 0.07 [0.01, 0.14] | ||
| Shier (2016) 24 | CO | USA | 933 | Number of FSRs in 3.2‐km home straight‐line buffer | Measured BMI z‐score | −0.001 (0.002) | NA | NA |
| Overweight/obesity | ||||||||
| Auld (2009) 20 | CS | USA | 73 041 | Density of FSRs per 10 000 persons in school postal zone. | Overweight | 0.0002 (1.15) | OR = 1.011 [0.984, 1.040] | 33.9 |
| Davis (2009) 27 | CS | USA | 529 367 | Density of FSRs within 0.8 km from school | Overweight/obesity | 1.04 [1.01, 1.08] | ||
| Leung (2011) 6 | CO | USA | 353 | Density of FSRs per 1,000 persons in 0.4/1.6‐km home road‐network buffer (in tertiles and quintiles) | Overweight/obesity | 0.75 [0.16, 3.43] | ||
| Mellor (2011) 16 | CS | USA | 2023 | Density of FSRs within 1.6‐km road‐network buffer around home | Obesity | 0.93 [0.67, 1.28] | ||
| Powell (2007) 13 | CS | USA | 72 854 | Density of FSRs per 10 000 persons in home county | Overweight | −0.0002 (0.0002) | ||
| Chen (2016) 26 | CO | USA | 21 639 | Number of FSRs along the most direct street route from home to school within 50‐m buffer on either side of the street | Measured obesity | 0.98 [0.97, 0.99] | OR = 0.977 [0.989, 1.004] | 76.6 |
| Galvez (2009) 18 | CS | USA | 323 | Number of FSRs in home census tract | Obesity | 1.26 [0.74, 2.14] | ||
| Gorski Findling (2018) 19 | CS | USA | 3742 | Number of FSRs within 1.6‐km straight‐line buffer around home | Overweight/obesity | 1.00 [0.99, 1.00] | ||
| Mellor (2011) 16 | CS | USA | 2023 | Number of FSFRs within 1.6‐km road‐network buffer around home | Obesity | 1.02 [0.99, 1.04] | ||
| Shier (2016) 24 | CO | USA | 933 | Number of FSRs in 3.2‐km home straight‐line buffer | Overweight/obesity | −0.001 (0.001) | ||
| Weight‐related dietary behaviours | ||||||||
| Shier (2016) 24 | CO | USA | 933 | Number of FSRs in 3.2‐km home straight‐line buffer | Dietary behaviours (times per week) | 0.001 (0.011) for fruits | NA | NA |
| 0.016 (0.012) for vegetable | ||||||||
| 0.005 (0.009) for soda | ||||||||
| 0.023 (0.017) for sweet snacks | ||||||||
| −0.014 (0.008) for salty snacks | ||||||||
| −0.003 (0.004) for ready‐made dinner | ||||||||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FSRs, full‐service restaurants; NA, not applicable in meta‐analysis.