TABLE 3.
Evaluation of candidates' performance in the non‐guided Bladder‐Neck‐Dissection (ngBND) task using the RobotiX Mentor simulator
| Variable | Overall | Experts | Intermediates | Novices | p‐Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy in %, median (IQR) | 95.1 (83.4–99.6) | 94.7 (81.2–99.5) | 97.5 (91.5–99.7) | 92.2 (83.4–99.4) | 0.76 |
| Bladder neck sides cleared prior to further dissection, n (%) | 32 (62.7) | 15 (75.0) | 6 (42.9) | 11 (64.7) | 0.42 |
| Bladder neck transection, n (%) | 49 (96.1) | 18 (100.0) | 14 (87.5) | 17 (100.0) | 0.09 |
| Catheter drops, median (IQR) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 0.56 |
| Correct catheter positioning during posterior dissection in %, median (IQR) | 0.0 (0.0–33.2) | 0.0 (0.0–60.2) | 0.0 (0.0–78.7) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.16 |
| Clutch usage, median (IQR) | 8 (5–11) | 7.5 (4–15) | 8.5 (6–11.5) | 6 (4–9) | 0.36 |
| Complete haemostasis, n (%) | 30 (58.8) | 9 (50.0) | 8 (50.0) | 13 (76.5) | 0.19 |
| Dissection into bladder, median (IQR) | 4 (2–21) | 7.5 (2–21) | 3 (1.5–9) | 7 (1–21) | 0.46 |
| Dissection into prostate, median (IQR) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–3) | 0.17 |
| Distance by camera in mm, median (IQR) | 784.8 (583.6–1068.7) | 722.1 (591.5–981.1) | 957.8 (611.0–1212.3) | 784.8 (499.2–1010.7) | 0.38 |
| Injury of secondary structures, median (IQR) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–3) | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.29 |
| Instrument collision, median (IQR) | 30 (16–61) | 17 (11–27) | 28.5 (18.5–46) | 61 (32–82) | <0.01 |
| Movements of fourth instrument, median (IQR) | 60 (37–82) | 25.7 (17–58) | 31.1 (40–82) | 73 (58–89) | <0.01 |
| Movements of left instrument, median (IQR) | 503 (361–686) | 354.5 (255–444) | 525 (424.5–657) | 686 (606–858) | <0.01 |
| Movements of right instrument, median (IQR) | 638 (258–1347) | 415 (342–488) | 644 (516.5–781) | 746 (670–901) | <0.01 |
| Distance travelled by fourth instrument in cm, median (IQR) | 66.2 (40.3–96.3) | 61.8 (19.3–80.0) | 51.5 (35.3–92.7) | 89.3 (60.6–109.1) | 0.06 |
| Distance travelled by left instrument in cm, median (IQR) | 409.4 (320.1–600.8) | 314.7 (206.5–379.9) | 433.8 (325.4–524.9) | 600.8 (451.8–698.3) | <0.01 |
| Distance travelled by right instrument in cm, median (IQR) | 474.7 (351.0–633.7) | 341.5 (256.8–474.7) | 472.5 (433.7–569.3) | 559.5 (497.7–694.3) | <0.01 |
| Occasions instruments are out of sight, median (IQR) | 29 (20–53) | 32.5 (21–49) | 37 (20.5–77) | 26 (19–40) | 0.66 |
| Total distance instruments are out of sight in cm, median (IQR) | 22.4 (10.7–47.3) | 22.6 (13.2–31.9) | 15.4 (9.5–48.9) | 22.4 (7.7–47.3) | 0.88 |
| Total time instruments are out of sight in seconds, median (IQR) | 693 (431–863) | 422 (289–545) | 753.5 (542.5–861) | 856 (714–1106) | <0.01 |
| Total time in seconds, median (IQR) | 728 (469–1130) | 443.5 (383–636) | 751 (611.5–920) | 402.7 (1031–1472) | <0.01 |