Figure 1.

Potential mechanisms for increased aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation in obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Aldosterone is classically synthesized in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone is also produced from adipose tissue by increased adipose-derived aldosterone secretagogues, aldosterone synthase, and cholesteryl ester-transfer protein inhibitors. Increased aldosterone levels and MR activation promote insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, which further activate aldosterone/MR signaling and aggravate cardiometabolic syndrome.