TABLE 3.
Comparison of mean nutrient intakes and WDDS‐10 to reproductive‐stage specific recommendations, and results from difference testing (i.e., traditional t‐test) on mean intakes between NPNL and pregnant women, and NPNL and lactating women
| Dietary outcome | NPNL women (n = 2,709) | Pregnant women (n = 179) | Lactating women (n = 944) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal/d) | |||
| Recommended | 2,230 | 2,580 | 2,750 |
| Unadjusted | 2,359.8 ± 543.4 a | 2,459.5 ± 643.2 * | 2,438.5 ± 577.4 *** |
| Adjusted b | 2,364.6 ± 234.4 | 2,450.1 ± 229.4 *** | 2,440.5 ± 219.5 *** |
| Protein (g/day) | |||
| Recommended | 55 | 78 | 74 |
| Unadjusted | 62.0 ± 20.8 | 66.6 ± 25.4 * | 63.2 ± 21.6 |
| Adjusted | 62.1 ± 23.4 | 62.8 ± 25.0 | 64.5 ± 23.7 ** |
| Vitamin A (mcg/day) | |||
| Recommended | 600 | 800 | 950 |
| Unadjusted | 233.2 ± 484.4 | 283.1 ± 523.5 | 219.5 ± 466.4 |
| Adjusted | 217.5 ± 596.0 | 235.7 ± 430.6 | 215.7 ± 432.7 |
| Dietary calcium (mg/day) | |||
| Recommended | 600 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
| Unadjusted | 413.2 ± 366.5 | 468.6 ± 404.5 * | 421.8 ± 381.9 |
| Adjusted | 405.9 ± 437.9 | 425.1 ± 351.5 | 430.9 ± 415.5 |
| Dietary iron (mg/day) | |||
| Recommended | 21 | 35 | 21 |
| Unadjusted | 11.6 ± 5.4 | 12.8 ± 6.4 * | 11.5 ± 5.2 |
| Adjusted | 11.5 ± 6.3 | 12.1 ± 6.7 | 11.8 ± 5.8 |
| WDDS‐10 | |||
| Recommended | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Unadjusted | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 3.7 ± 1.1 |
| Adjusted | 3.73 ± 0.44 | 3.67 ± 0.41 * | 3.71 ± 0.43 |
Abbreviations: NPNL, nonpregnant, nonlactating; WDDS‐10, women's dietary diversity score out of 10 food groups.
a
Mean ± SD (all such values).
b
Adjusted for participant's age, age at marriage, height, education, income‐earning status, number of meals skipped, household income, household food security status, and accounting for the complex survey design.
*
p < 0.05.
**
p < 0.01.
***
p < 0.001.