Table 2.
Controlled-release systems of mosquito repellent actives, polymeric material, mosquito repellent, and their preparation method
| Mosquitoes | Product, active ingredient and concentration |
Protection (%) | Repellency time (h) | Manufacturer | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Culex quinquefasciatus | Citriodiol® (30 %) based repellent (Mosiguard®) | 100 | 3 | Mosi-guard | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Citronella KAPS® | > 84 | 4 | KAPS Mosquito Repellent Patch 12 s | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Citronella MozAway® | > 84 | 4 | MozAway | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Citronella BioZ Natural® | > 81 | 4 | BioZ Natural | [184] |
| Aedes aegypti | Citronellal | > 71 | 1 | * | [192] |
| A. aegypti | Citronellol | > 77 | 1 | * | [192] |
| A. aegypti | Geraniol | 78 | 1 | * | [192] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated formulation of Essential oil (Citrus aurantifolia) 20 % | > 85 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated of Essential oil (C. aurantifolia) 15 % | > 84 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated of Essential oil (C. aurantifolia) 10 % | > 75 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated of Essential oil (C. aurantifolia) 5 % | > 63 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Non-encapsulated of Essential oil (C. aurantifolia 20 % | > 71 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Essential oil (Citrus grandis) 20 % microencapsuled | > 86 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Essential oil (C.s grandis) 15 % microencapsuled | > 83 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Essential oil (C. grandis) 10 % micrencapsulated | > 74 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Essential oil (C. grandis) 5 % micrencapsulated | > 65 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Non-encapsulated of Essential oil (C. grandis) 20 % | > 72 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated of Essential oil (Alpinias galanga) 20 % | > 88 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated of Essential oil (A.s galanga) 15 % | > 83 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated of Essential oil (A. galanga) 10 % | > 76 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated of Essential oil (A. galanga) 5 % | > 71 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Non-encapsulated of Essential oil (A. galanga) 20 % | > 73 | 6 | * | [184] |
| Anopheles subpictus | Essential oil (Zingiber officinale Rosc. 5 mg/m2) | > 85 | 3 | * | [193] |
| An. subpictus | Essential oil (Rosmarinus officinalis L.5 mg/m2) | > 68 | 3 | * | [193] |
| An. subpictus | Essential oil (Cymbopogan citrates Stapf. 5 mg/m2) | > 74 | 3 | * | [193] |
| An. subpictus |
Essential oil from (Cinnamomum zeylanicum L. 5 mg/m2) |
> 61 | 3 | * | [193] |
| Anopheles darlingi | 30 % PMD in ethanol | 97 | 4 | * | [194] |
| Aedes ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus | 15 % PMD (derived by acid modification of Citronellal) | 99 | 5 | * | [194] |
| A. aegypti | Hazomalania voyronii fresh bark essential oil (EO) 100 % | > 82 | 0.5 | * | [195] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Boesenbergia rotunda oil 10 % | - | 4 | * | [196] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Curcuma zedoaria oil 10 % | - | 3 | * | [196] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Zingiber cassumunar oil 10 % | - | 2 | * | [196] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | L. petiolata oil 10 % | - | 3 | * | [196] |
| A. aegypti | Hazomalania voyronii fresh bark essential oil (EO) 50 % | > 78 | 0.5 | * | [195] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | H. voyronii fresh bark essential oil (EO) 100 % | > 98 | 0.5 | * | [195] |
| Aedes albopictus | Citronella oil 5 % | > 57 | 2 | * | [197] |
| A. aegypti | Citrodiol into the ethylcellulose nanofibrous | 100 | 816 | * | [198] |
| Culex tritaeniorhynchus | Essential oil (Z. officinale Rosc. 5 mg/m2) | > 88 | 3 | * | [193] |
| C. tritaeniorhynchus | Essential oil (R. officinalis L.5 mg/m2) | > 71 | 3 | * | [193] |
| C. tritaeniorhynchus | Essential oil (C. citrates Stapf. 5 mg/m2) | > 79 | 3 | * | [193] |
| C. tritaeniorhynchus |
Essential oil from (C. zeylanicum L. 5 mg/m2) |
> 64 | 3 | * | [193] |
| An. darlingi | 15 % DEET in Ethanol | 85 | 4 | * | [194] |
| A. ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus | 15 % DEET in Ethanol | 92 | 5 | * | [194] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | 20 % DEET | - | 4 | * | [196] |
| A. aegypti | 20 % DEET | - | 4 | * | [196] |
| Anopheles gambiae and C. quinquefasciatus | DEET-treated nets (DEET-TN) | - | 1008 | * | [199] |
| A. albopictus | Skinsations® Spray-DEET 7 % | - | 5 | Spectrum Division of United Industries Corporation | [200] |
| A. albopictus | Off! Spray DEET 15 % | - | > 7 | S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. | [200] |
| A. aegypti | DEET 20 % | > 82 | 5 | * | [201] |
| Aedes communis | DEET (The amount was not specified) | 98 | 4 | * | [202] |
| A. communis | DEET (The amount was not specified) | 74 | 6 | * | [202] |
| A. communis | DEET (The amount was not specified) | 56 | 8 | * | [202] |
| A. communis | DEET + AI3-37220 (The amount was not specified) | 98 | 4 | * | [202] |
| A. communis | DEET + AI3-37220 (The amount was not specified) | 95 | 6 | * | [202] |
| A. communis | DEET + AI3-37220 (The amount was not specified) | 76 | 8 | * | [202] |
| A. aegypti | OFF! Deep Woods-DEET 23.8 % | - | > 5 | S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. | [203] |
| A. aegypti | Sawyer Controlled Release®-DEET 20 % | - | > 3 | Sawyer | [203] |
| A. aegypti | OFF! Skintastic-DEET 6.65 % | - | > 1 | S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. | [203] |
| A. aegypti | OFF! Skintastic for Kids-DEET 4.75 % | - | > 1 | S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. | [203] |
| A. aegypti | DEET 25 % | 100 | 6 | * | [204] |
| A. aegypti | DEET 25 % + Vanillin 5 % | 100 | 6 | * | [204] |
| A. aegypti | DEET 20 % in ethanol | 100 | 7 | * | [204] |
| A. aegypti | DEET 20 % in ethanol | 100 | 8 | * | [205] |
| Aedes vigilax | DEET 34.6 % Army repellent personal | > 95 | 5 | * | [206] |
| A. albopictus | DEET 10 % | 100 | 4 | * | [207] |
| A. albopictus | DEET 10 % | > 88 | 6 | * | [207] |
| A. albopictus | DEET 10 % | > 77 | 8 | * | [207] |
| A. aegypti | DEET 12 % Cream | > 96 | > 6 | * | [208] |
| Anopheles spp. | DEET 20 % | > 88 | 4 | * | [206] |
| Anopheles spp. | DEET 20 % | > 74 | 5 | * | [206] |
| An. gambiae | DEET 30 % | > 88 | 7 | * | [209] |
| Anopheles stephensi | DEET 12 % Cream | 100 | 11 | * | [208] |
| Anopheles culicifacies | DEET 12 % Cream | 100 | 11 | * | [208] |
| Anopheles annularis | DEET 12 % Cream | 100 | 11 | * | [208] |
| An. subpictus | DEET 12 % Cream | 100 | 11 | * | [208] |
| A. albopictus | Insectan Spray DEET 24 % | > 90 | 6 | * | [210] |
| Anopheles arabiensis | Socks – DEET 20 % | > 90 | 3360 | * | [13] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated DEET 20 % | 98 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated DEET 15 % | 95 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated DEET 10 % | 85 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated DEET 5 % | 83 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Non-Encapsulated DEET 20 % | 91 | 6 | * | [184] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | DEET 1 % | 90 | - | * | [211] |
| A. aegypti | DEET 1 % | 77 | - | * | [211] |
| A. aegypti | OFF Family – DEET < 10 % | - | 2 | S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. | [9] |
| A. aegypti | Repelex – DEET < 10 % | - | 2 | US CHEMCO Supply & Service | [9] |
| A. aegypti | Mosquitoff – DEET 10 % | - | > 2 | S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. | [9] |
| A. aegypti | SBP – Icaridin 15 % | - | 5 | Sawyer Products | [9] |
| A. aegypti | OFF kids – DEET < 10 % | - | 2 | S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. | [9] |
| A. aegypti | Muriel – DEET < 10 % | - | 2 | [9] | |
| A. aegypti | Kor Yor 15® DEET | - | > 7 | S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. | [212] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Kor Yor 15® DEET | - | > 7 | S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. | [212] |
| An. arabiensis | LLDPE strands-DEET 20 % | 79 | 2016 | * | [14] |
| An. arabiensis | LLDPE strands-DEET 30 % | 78 | 2016 | * | [14] |
| An. arabiensis | EVA strands-Icaridin 20 % | 85 | 2016 | * | [14] |
| An. arabiensis | EVA strands-Icaridin 30 % | 82 | 2016 | * | [14] |
| A. aegypti | DEET 10 % | > 83 | 2 | * | [195] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | DEET 10 % | 100 | 2 | * | [195] |
| A. albopictus | DEET 24 % | > 90 | 6 | * | [197] |
| A. aegypti | Exposis – Icaridin 25 % | - | 10 | Laboratório Osler do Brasil | [9] |
| A. albopictus | IR3535 20 % in ethanol solution | - | 5 | * | [205] |
| A. aegypti | IR3535 20 % in ethanol solution | - | > 9 | * | [205] |
| A. albopictus | IR3535 10 % | - | > 7 | * | [205] |
| Anopheles dirus | IR3535 10 % | - | 8 | * | [205] |
| A. aegypti | IR3535 10 % | - | > 6 | * | [205] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | IR3535 10 % | - | 8 | * | [205] |
| An. dirus | IR3535 20 % in ethanol solution | - | > 3 | * | [205] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | IR3535 20 % in ethanol solution | - | > 13 | * | [205] |
| C. tritaeniorhynchus | IR3535 20 % in ethanol solution | - | > 14 | * | [205] |
| A. aegypti | IR3535 10 % Spray® | 95 | 6 | * | [205] |
| A. aegypti | IR3535 10 % Spray® | 90 | 6 | * | [213] |
| A. aegypti | IR3535 10 % Spray® | 85 | 7 | * | [213] |
| A. aegypti | IR3535 15 % Spray® | 95 | 6 | * | [213] |
| A. aegypti | IR3535 15 % Spray® | 90 | 6 | * | [213] |
| A. aegypti | IR3535 15 % Spray® | 85 | 6 | * | [213] |
| A. aegypti | IR3535 10 % Lotion® | 95 | 4 | * | [213] |
| A. aegypti | IR3535 10 % Lotion® | 90 | 5 | * | [213] |
| A. aegypti | IR3535 10 % Lotion® | 85 | 6 | * | [213] |
| A. aegypti | IR3535 15 % Lotion® | 95 | 6 | * | [213] |
| A. aegypti | IR3535 15 % Lotion® | 90 | 6 | * | [213] |
| A. aegypti | IR3535 15 % Lotion® | 85 | 6 | * | [213] |
| A. aegypti | IR3535 20 % Spray® | 95 | 6 | * | [213] |
| An. arabiensis | IR3535 100 % | 62 | 4 | * | [10] |
| An. arabiensis | Blend IR3535 75 mol%-nonanoic | 100 | 4 | * | [10] |
| A. aegypti | IR3535 20 % Spray® | 90 | 7 | * | [213] |
| A. aegypti | IR3535 20 % Spray® | 85 | 7 | * | [213] |
| Aedes spp. Culex spp. | IR3535 20 % Pump spray | 85 | > 7 | * | [214] |
| Anopheles spp. | IR3535 20 % Pump spray | - | > 7 | * | [214] |
| A. albopictus | Icaridin 10 % Autan® spray | - | > 5 | * | [200] |
| A. aegypti | Icaridin 10 % Lotion | 95 | 6 | * | [213] |
| A. aegypti | Icaridin 10 % Lotion | 90 | 7 | * | [213] |
| A. aegypti | Icaridin 10 % Lotion | 85 | 8 | * | [213] |
| A. aegypti | Icaridin 20 % Spray | 95 | 6 | * | [213] |
| A.aegypti | Icaridin 20 % Spray | 90 | 7 | * | [213] |
| A. aegypti | Icaridin 20 % Spray | 85 | 9 | * | [213] |
| An. stephensi | Bayrepel 20 % in complex solvent | 100 | 8 | * | [215] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Bayrepel 20 % in complex solvent | 100 | 8 | * | [215] |
| Culex annulirostris | Icaridin® 19.2 % in ethanol Bayrepel Army® | ≥ 99 | 5 | * | [206] |
| C. annulirostris | Icaridin® 19.2 % in ethanol Bayrepel Army® | 85 | 6 | * | [206] |
| Anopheles spp. | Icaridin 19.2 % in ethanol Bayrepel Army® | >86 | 6 | * | [206] |
| Anopheles spp. | Icaridin 19.2 % in ethanol Bayrepel Army® | >71 | 7 | * | [206] |
| An. arabiensis | LLDPE strands-Icaridin 20 % | 79 | 2016 | * | [14] |
| An. arabiensis | LLDPE strands-Icaridin 30 % | 98 | 2016 | * | [14] |
| An. arabiensis | EVA strands-Icaridin 20 % | 91 | 2016 | * | [14] |
| An. arabiensis | EVA strands-Icaridin 30 % | 88 | 2016 | * | [14] |
| A. albopictus | Butyl anthranilate (BA) 0.1 % | > 53 | - | * | [216] |
| A. albopictus | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 0.1 % | > 38 | - | * | [216] |
| A. aegypti | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 10 % | 100 | - | * | [217] |
| A. aegypti | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 5 % | 90 | - | * | [217] |
| A. aegypti | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 2 % | 78 | - | * | [217] |
| An. stephensi | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 10 % | 96 | - | * | [217] |
| An. stephensi | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 5 % | 80 | - | * | [217] |
| An. stephensi | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 2 % | 68 | - | * | [217] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 10 % | 88 | - | * | [217] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 5 % | 82 | - | * | [217] |
| C. quinquefasciatus | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 2 % | 64 | - | * | [217] |
aPoloxamer 407 is a triblock copolymer consisting of a central hydrophobic block of polypropylene glycol flanked by two hydrophilic blocks of polyethylene glycol (PEG)