Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants diagnosed with COVID-19 and had prevalent autoimmune diseases, stratified by data source
| Covariate | CUIMC (USA) (n = 1363) | HIRA (South Korea) (n = 815) | IQVIA open claims (USA) (n = 104874) | Optum EHR (USA) (n = 12897) | SIDIAP-H (Spain) (n = 3553) | VA-OMOP (USA) (n = 10087) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 63.8 | 63.4 | 60.5 | 65.9 | 62.0 | 11.7 |
| Age group | ||||||
| ≤19 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 0 |
| 20–29 | 3.0 | 8.7 | 2.6 | 6.0 | 4.4 | 0.6 |
| 30–39 | 8.7 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 9.8 | 10.2 | 4.5 |
| 40–49 | 11.9 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 14.8 | 18.0 | 7.0 |
| 50–59 | 16.7 | 26.6 | 17.9 | 21.9 | 17.3 | 15.7 |
| 60–69 | 21.4 | 21.8 | 22.1 | 21.9 | 14.5 | 26.2 |
| 70–79 | 17.9 | 15.5 | 19.9 | 13.8 | 13.1 | 34.2 |
| 80–89 | 14.3 | 9.9 | 21.2 | 10.1 | 14.4 | 8.6 |
| 90–99 | 4.3 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.8 | 3.2 |
| Autoimmune disease in the year prior to index datea | ||||||
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus | 3.4 | 1.5 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 4.4 |
| RA | 4.0 | 18.9 | 4.8 | 8.7 | 4.1 | 4.7 |
| Psoriasis | 3.7 | 8.2 | 3.5 | 7.4 | 27.9 | 7.1 |
| PsA | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.5 |
| Multiple sclerosis | 2.1 | <0.6 | 2.2 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 1.9 |
| SLE | 3.4 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 3.6 | 2.3 | 1.1 |
| Graves’ disease | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Hashimoto thyroiditis | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Myasthenia gravis | 0.5 | <0.6 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.6 |
| Vasculitis | 4.2 | 14.4 | 4.0 | 5.7 | 17.5 | 3.3 |
| Pernicious anaemia | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Coeliac disease | 0.9 | <0.6 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 5.1 | 0.7 |
| Scleroderma | 0.6 | <0.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.2 |
| Sarcoidosis | 2.7 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 2.6 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 1.9 | <0.6 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 4.1 | 2.6 |
| Crohn's disease | 2.3 | <0.6 | 1.2 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 1.6 |
| Comorbidities in the year prior to index date | ||||||
| Hyperlipidaemia | 34.2 | 56.4 | 40.1 | 40.9 | 22.7 | 59.2 |
| Asthma | 27.0 | 28.0 | 23.3 | 22.7 | 8.3 | 15.1 |
| CKD | 33.0 | 14.2 | 35.6 | 27.8 | 15.8 | 38.1 |
| COPD | 18.8 | 3.4 | 24.1 | 16.7 | 27.4 | 40.2 |
| Dementia | 12.6 | 12.3 | 19.0 | 5.6 | 7.3 | 13.4 |
| Heart disease | 66.9 | 29.2 | 71.1 | 48.0 | 32.5 | 70.0 |
| HIV | 3.1 | NA | 2.1 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 2.0 |
| Hypertension | 73.5 | 45.6 | 81.7 | 60.4 | 42.0 | 85.2 |
| Cancer | 32.4 | 8.5 | 24.9 | 25.2 | 15.6 | 32.3 |
| Obesity | 59.4 | NA | 44.4 | 63.1 | 45.5 | 63.0 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 48.1 | 46.3 | 62.6 | 36.7 | 21.7 | 63.3 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 6.7 | 7.7 | 8.4 | 4.7 | 3.3 | 6.9 |
| Chronic liver disease | 2.8 | 10.2 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 6.4 |
| Pregnancy | 2.7 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Venous thromboembolism | 7.4 | 3.4 | 6.1 | 4.9 | 11.5 | 6.4 |
| Drug utilization in the year prior to index date | ||||||
| Agents acting on the renin–angiotensin system | 29.3 | 29.6 | 30.6 | 31.1 | 31.6 | 47.7 |
| Antibacterials | 48.2 | 84.2 | 54.2 | 49.8 | 51.7 | 54.8 |
| Antidepressants | 23.3 | 21.2 | 23.7 | 31.4 | 30.6 | 45.8 |
| Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents | 22.9 | 10.2 | 15.6 | 21.8 | 13.3 | 21.3 |
| Antithrombotics | 38.0 | 47.1 | 23.5 | 36.2 | 31.9 | 52.7 |
| Beta blockers | 29.2 | 17.3 | 26.8 | 28.0 | 19.2 | 44.7 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 26.7 | 25.5 | 21.4 | 19.6 | 14.5 | 33.8 |
| Corticosteroids | 36.4 | 72.3 | 38.4 | 45.0 | 39.6 | 43.9 |
| Diuretics | 29.3 | 17.5 | 26.2 | 27.1 | 29.0 | 39.3 |
| Drugs for obstructive airway diseases | 31.0 | 30.2 | 39.1 | 41.2 | 28.8 | 55.1 |
| GERD | 39.1 | 80.6 | 51.4 | 39.2 | 50.7 | 72.8 |
| PPI | 28.9 | 50.2 | 24.4 | 31.8 | 49.9 | 44.6 |
| Lipid modifying agents | 37.0 | 34.5 | 35.2 | 36.1 | 26.8 | 64.4 |
| NSAID | 31.3 | 77.5 | 51.2 | 35.4 | 36.8 | 75.5 |
| Opioids | 24.5 | 82.1 | 24.4 | 29.0 | 21.8 | 30.4 |
Figures are presented in percentages; the figures preceded with < denote less than five people in that category. Age groups are collapsed from 5-year age bands; percentages are not summed if one of the age categories had less than five people.
These are not mutually exclusive, and classification is based on recent (1 year prior) records.
CUIMC: Columbia University Irving Medical Center; HIRA: Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service; SIDIAP-H: Information System for Research in Primary Care—Hospitalization Linked Data; VA-OMOP: Department of Veterans Affairs. CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GERD: gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; NA: not available; PPI: proton pump inhibitor.