Table 1.

List of SGLT2 Inhibitors and their characteristics.

Gliflozin	Approvals	Bioavailability (%)	Selectivity of SGLT2 over SGLT1 (fold)	Dose (mg)	Remarks	Adverse effects
Empagliflozin	FDA in 2014, EMA in 2014	78	2500	10/25	All SGLT2 Inhibitors should be administered with caution, especially in the elderly patients who have been receiving diuretics, as the risk of DKA is increased due to the glucosuria and the osmotic diuresis that they induce.	Genitourinary Infections (mostly candiduria) Euglycemic DKA Fournier’s Gangrene
Canagliflozin	FDA in 2013, EMA in 2013	65	200	100/300	The increased risk for amputations has been demonstrated only with the use of canagliflozin and it is not yet known whether it represents a class effect or a specific drug effect.	Genitourinary Infections (mostly candiduria) Euglycemic DKA Fournier’s Gangrene ↑ Risk of lower limb amputation
Dapagliflozin	FDA in 2014, EMA in 2012	78	1200	5/10	DKA is usually associated with only slightly abnormal levels of serum glucose levels, i.e. it is a euglycemic DKA, which is characteristic of this class of drugs.	Genitourinary Infections (mostly candiduria) Euglycemic DKA Fournier’s Gangrene
Ertugliflozin	FDA in 2017, EMA in 2018	70–90	2000	15	Patients need to be careful regarding their hydration status in order to avoid this highly preventable adverse effect.	Genitourinary Infections (mostly candiduria) Euglycemic DKA Fournier’s Gangrene
Ipragliflozin	Japan in 2014	90	360	50	This class of drugs should be stopped 3 days before surgery to decrease the risk of DKA.	Genitourinary Infections (mostly candiduria) Euglycemic DKA Fournier’s Gangrene
Luseogliflozin	Japan in 2014		1650	2.5/5		Genitourinary Infections (mostly candiduria) Euglycemic DKA Fournier’s Gangrene
Tofogliflozin	Japan in 2014	97.5	2900	10		Genitourinary Infections (mostly candiduria) Euglycemic DKA Fournier’s Gangrene

Abbreviations: DKA: Diabetic ketoacidosis; EMA: European Medicinal Agency; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; SGLTs; Sodium Glucose Co-transporters.