Table 1.
Promising candidates showing the same changing direction in HCM versus control hearts at multi-omics levels
| Symbol | Known expression level in cardiomyocytes* | Protein level in the plasma/serum‡ | Rank in the O2PLS analysis | Transcriptome change (log2FC) | Proteome change (log2FC) | Histone acetylome change in the matched direction (50 Kb of TSS) | Transcriptome change in diseased versus control cardiomyocytesϯ log2(FC) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AASS | Medium | Detected | 1046 | − 1.279808444 | − 0.773247332 | Yes | − 0.414920406 |
| ABHD11 | Medium | Detected | 669 | 1.137180651 | 0.640971138 | – | – |
| ACTN2 | High | Detected | 1597 | 0.570095367 | 0.184641682 | – | – |
| ADH1B | Low | Detected | 1281 | − 1.081956134 | − 0.880289941 | – | – |
| ARHGAP1 | Medium | Detected | 1512 | 1.763584 | 0.597291165 | Yes | – |
| ASPN | Not detected | Detected | 454 | 2.204317 | 1.77725136 | Yes | – |
| ATP2A2 | High | Detected | 728 | − 1.466783433 | − 0.353968239 | – | – |
| BGN | Medium | Detected | 1012 | 1.832538 | 1.533815477 | – | 0.588280947 |
| C6 | Not detected | Detected | 130 | − 1.776237721 | − 0.695516121 | – | – |
| CA3 | Not detected | Detected | 43 | 4.518344 | 1.686864533 | – | – |
| CHCHD6 | Medium | Not detected | 910 | 2.003514 | 0.778880421 | – | – |
| CHDH | Low | Not detected | 98 | − 2.209806815 | − 1.442995937 | Yes | – |
| CLGN | Not detected | Not detected | 1751 | − 1.088152172 | − 0.808838009 | Yes | – |
| DDAH1 | Not detected | Detected | 452 | 1.764206 | 1.115473264 | Yes | – |
| EFHD1 | Not detected | Not detected | 682 | 1.865517 | 1.264459654 | Yes | 0.318203232 |
| FGF12 | No data | Not detected | 62 | − 2.353022973 | − 1.079274106 | Yes | − 0.30374396 |
| FHL2 | High | Not detected | 440 | − 1.255001122 | − 0.411782639 | – | – |
| FMOD | No data | Detected | 395 | 2.594323 | 1.414783229 | Yes | – |
| FSCN1 | Not detected | Detected | 1276 | 1.759951 | 0.971207984 | Yes | 0.456046007 |
| GATM | Not detected | Detected | 277 | 1.545734889 | 1.002695568 | Yes | – |
| GPD1 | Medium | Detected | 1708 | − 1.687472289 | − 1.343895776 | Yes | − 0.410181446 |
| GPD1L | No data | Not detected | 1342 | − 1.066784553 | − 0.526757351 | – | – |
| HSPA2 | Not detected | Detected | 171 | 3.490234 | 2.652261545 | Yes | – |
| HSPB6 | High | Detected | 647 | 2.253803 | 0.392977171 | – | − 3.170003763 |
| LDHA | Not detected | Detected | 974 | − 1.219034333 | − 0.474108409 | Yes | – |
| LTBP2 | Not detected | Detected | 829 | 2.1279 | 2.317830122 | Yes | – |
| LUM | Not detected | Detected | 217 | 2.135187 | 0.959297891 | – | 0.512857369 |
| MAP4 | Medium | Detected | 717 | 1.851811 | 1.003525943 | Yes | − 0.223635511 |
| MCAM | Low | Detected | 1338 | 1.653115 | 1.104716402 | Yes | − 0.264831197 |
| MFAP2 | Not detected | Not detected | 1303 | 1.84358 | 0.70531399 | Yes | − 0.357062335 |
| MYH6 | High | Detected | 40 | − 2.919038787 | − 1.009056575 | – | – |
| MYL12A | Medium | Detected | 64 | 2.419604 | 0.578322489 | – | − 0.14329672 |
| MYLK3 | High | Not detected | 1904 | − 1.007764366 | − 0.747812735 | – | 0.127033902 |
| NES | Medium | Detected | 641 | 1.806419 | 1.936943877 | – | – |
| NPPA | Medium | Detected | 13 | 1.549472808 | 0.747781872 | Yes | 0.542363796 |
| NUDT4 | High | Not detected | 1531 | − 1.093022558 | − 0.695436878 | – | 0.207067638 |
| PDK4 | High | Not detected | 1724 | − 1.07459529 | − 0.607585372 | Yes | – |
| RAB24 | No data | Not detected | 1085 | 2.211788 | 1.041018278 | – | – |
| RRAS | High | Detected | 1642 | 1.788982 | 0.447281909 | – | – |
| S100A6 | Not detected | Detected | 1486 | 1.859224 | 0.794548978 | – | – |
| SAA1 | No data | Detected | 63 | − 1.173021107 | − 2.740052623 | – | – |
| SERPINE2 | No data | Detected | 338 | 1.002427623 | 0.652055032 | – | 0.714236168 |
| SGCG | High | Not detected | 1805 | 0.707480434 | 0.430185184 | Yes | – |
| SLC25A5 | High | Detected | 1634 | 1.811682 | 0.613247381 | – | – |
| SNCA | Not detected | Detected | 274 | 2.629958 | 1.02410125 | – | – |
| SORBS2 | No data | Detected | 1991 | 1.475585 | 0.484980733 | Yes | − 0.241151423 |
| STMN1 | Not detected | Detected | 1211 | 0.77170211 | 0.807423435 | – | – |
| SYNPO2L | High | Not detected | 483 | 2.306538 | 1.028059491 | Yes | – |
| TANGO2 | Low | Detected | 1086 | 1.981163 | 0.733156318 | – | – |
| THBS4 | Low | Detected | 618 | 2.323482 | 2.106545221 | – | – |
| TPM3 | Medium | Detected | 981 | 2.116673 | 1.224815654 | – | 0.36243013 |
| TPPP | Not detected | Not detected | 1374 | − 0.898226805 | − 0.830942802 | Yes | – |
| UCHL1 | Not detected | Detected | 44 | 5.052289 | 0.933127805 | – | – |
* The known expression level of each candidate in cardiomyocyte is collected from the Human Protein Atlas (https://www.proteinatlas.org/)
‡The detectable protein level of each candidate in plasma and serum is collected from the Human Plasma Proteome Project Data Central (http://www.peptideatlas.org/hupo/hppp/)
ϯDifferentially expressed genes between programmed cardiomyocytes with and without mutated MYBPC3 from a published study were used with a threshold of P value below 0.05 (GSE140965)
FC fold change, TSS transcription start site, – not matching