Table 1.
Association of country-level socio-economic indicators with COVID-19 7-d empirical reproductive ratios (Re). The dataset analysed included 6894 observations from 113 countries. Except for average household size (n=97), extreme poverty prevalence (n=80) and child malnutrition prevalence (n=68), data were available for >100 countries
| Socio-economic indicator | Tertile cut-offs | Re fold-change in highest vs lowest tertile (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product per capita (dollars) | >21 546 vs ≤6367 | 0.87 (0.79 to 0.97) |
| Population density (people per km²) | >119 vs ≤48 | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.06) |
| Average household size, n | >4.5 vs ≤3.2 | 1.24 (1.12 to 1.37) |
| Median age (years) | >34 vs ≤25 | 0.85 (0.77 to 0.94) |
| People >65 y of age (%) | >10 vs ≤4 | 0.83 (0.76 to 0.92) |
| Life expectancy (years) | >76.9 vs ≤70.8 | 0.84 (0.76 to 0.93) |
| Health expenditures (dollars per capita) | >671 vs ≤115 | 0.85 (0.76 to 0.94) |
| Physicians per 1000 population, n | >2.5 vs ≤0.7 | 0.85 (0.76 to 0.93) |
| Disability-adjusted life years lost due to any (rate per 100 000) | >35 536 vs ≤27 396 | 1.06 (0.96 to 1.17) |
| Disability-adjusted life years lost due to communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional diseases (rate per 100 000) | >7818 vs <2272 | 1.18 (1.07 to 1.30) |
| Disability-adjusted life years lost due to non-communicable diseases (rate per 100 000) | >21 657 vs <16 841 | 0.85 0.77 to 0.94) |
| Total fertility rate (births per woman) | >2.8 vs <1.8 | 1.18 (1.07 to 1.29) |
| Extreme poverty prevalence (%) | >8.6 vs ≤1.0 | 1.29 (1.15 to 1.46) |
| Child malnutrition prevalence (%) | >29.2 vs <12.3 | 1.03 (0.91 to 1.18) |
| Mortality rate in children <5 y of age (per 1000 live births) | >30 vs ≤8 | 1.15 (1.04 to 1.28) |
| Maternal mortality ratio (per 100 000 live births) | >142 vs ≤19 | 1.13 (1.02 to 1.25) |
| World Bank Gini coefficient | >41.4 vs ≤33.8 | 1.21 (1.10 to 1.34) |