Table 3.

Associations between black carbon, black carbon residuals, and ${\text{PM}}_{2.5}$ with incident all-site and lung cancer in the Gazel cohort as HR and their 95% CI.

Exposure	HR	CI	Cases	Person-years	p-Value	AIC
All cancers
Cumulative black carbona
Model 1	1.16	1.06, 1.27	3,711	293,210	0.002	66,056
Model 2	1.15	1.05, 1.26			0.003	65,991
Model 3	1.17	1.06, 1.29			0.001	65,978
Black carbon residualsb
Regressed on ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$	1.05	1.00, 1.11			0.056	65,984
Regressed on $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_2$	1.05	1.02, 1.10			0.005	65,980
Cumulative ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$c	1.20	1.06, 1.34			0.003	65,978
Cumulative $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_2$d	1.05	0.97, 1.14			0.206	65,986
Lung cancer
Cumulative black carbona
Model 1	1.19	0.87, 1.63	349	254,154	0.275	6,140
Model 2	1.07	0.77, 1.47			0.694	5,880
Model 3	1.31	0.93, 1.83			0.118	5,842
Black carbon residualsb
Regressed on ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$	1.24	1.05, 1.47			0.011	5,838
Regressed on $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_2$	1.14	1.01, 1.28			0.030	6,013
Cumulative ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$c	1.01	0.68, 1.51			0.942	5,845
Cumulative $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_2$e	1.06	0.88, 1.27			0.568	6,018

Note: All-site cancer cases were defined as the whole ICD-10 chapter except C77–79 (secondary malignant neoplasms) and C44 (nonmelanoma skin cancers); we used C34 to identify lung cancer cases. Participants were excluded from the analysis if they were diagnosed with cancer before 1999. Exposures were lagged 10 y. Cox model with attained age as underlying time-scale. Missing covariate data were imputed using MICE. Model-based estimates were pooled following Rubin’s rules. Model 1: adjusted for sex, calendar time, age at inclusion. Model 2: Model 1 plus cumulative smoking pack-years and passive smoking. Model 3 (main model): Model 2 plus alcohol use, body mass index, education, socioeconomic status, family status, fruit and vegetable consumption, occupational exposure to nine lung carcinogens. AIC. Akaike Information Criterion; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.

^aHRs are for one IQR increase in ln-transformed cumulative black carbon ($\text{IQR}=1.0$).

^bHRs are for IQR increases in ln-transformed cumulative black carbon residuals regressed on ln-transformed cumulative ${\text{PM}}_{2.5}$ ($\text{IQR}=0.3$) or on ln-transformed cumulative $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_2$ ($\text{IQR}=0.2$), respectively. Adjusted for Model 3 covariates.

^cHRs are for an IQR increase in ln-transformed cumulative ${\text{PM}}_{2.5}$ ($\text{IQR}=0.9$) adjusted for Model 3 covariates.

^dHRs are for an IQR increase in ln-transformed cumulative $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_2$ ($\text{IQR}=1.2$) adjusted for Model 3 covariates.

^eHRs are for an IQR increase in cumulative $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_2$ ($\text{IQR}=300{\hspace{0.17em}\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$) adjusted for Model 3 covariates.