Figure 1.

We illustrate the distribution of demographic and clinical attributes of individuals within the cohort by receipt (blue) or nonreceipt (red) of 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13). Plots in the left-hand column illustrate cohort characteristics, as observed; individuals receiving PCV13 tended to be older, had higher prevalence of comorbid conditions, and had higher rates of healthcare utilization in the preceding year than individuals who did not receive PCV13. Plots in the right-hand column illustrate cohort characteristics after reweighting of individuals according to the inverse of their propensity of PCV13 receipt (as estimated in logistic regression models defining PCV13 receipt as the outcome variable and factors listed in the figure as covariates) [32]; this approach reduced confounding based on differences in measured risk factors between PCV13 recipients and nonrecipients. We indicate sample characteristics in Supplementary Table 1 (with reweighted estimates in Supplementary Table 3) and indicate differences in incidence of COVID-19 endpoints associated with each risk factor in Supplementary Table 2. Abbreviations: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; PCV13, 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine; PPSV23, 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.