Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics for Cohort 1 and 2 samples with comparison by in-hospital mortality
| Cohort 1 (Original) |
Cohort 2 (Validation) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients (n = 1564) | Dead (n = 425) | Alive (n = 1139) | All patients (n = 271) | Dead (n = 59) | Alive (n = 212) | |
| Sites | ||||||
| Hospital A | 115 (7·4%) | 15 (13·0%) | 100 (87·0%) | 25 (9·2%) | 4 (16·0%) | 21 (84·0%) |
| Hospital B | 50 (3·2%) | 14 (28·0%) | 36 (72·0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Hospital C | 153 (9·8%) | 34 (22·2%) | 119 (77·8%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Hospital D | 43 (2·7%) | 10 (23·3%) | 33 (76·7%) | 9 (3·3%) | 0 (0·0%) | 9 (100·0%) |
| Hospital E | 123 (7·9%) | 15 (12·2%) | 108 (87·8%) | 58 (21·4%) | 9 (15·5%) | 49 (84·5%) |
| Hospital F | 154 (9·8%) | 23 (14·9%) | 131 (85·1%) | 15 (5·5%) | 4 (26·7%) | 11 (73·3%) |
| Hospital G | 112 (7·2%) | 36 (32·1%) | 76 (67·9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Hospital H | 246 (15·7%) | 108 (43·9%) | 138 (56·1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Hospital I | 380 (24·3%) | 126 (33·2%) | 254 (66·8%) | 62 (22·9%) | 12 (19·4%) | 50 (80·7%) |
| Hospital J | 179 (11·5%) | 43 (24·0%) | 136 (76·0%) | 13 (4·8%) | 3 (23·1%) | 10 (76·9%) |
| Hospital K | 9 (0·6%) | 1 (11·1%) | 8 (88·9%) | 4 (1·5%) | 1 (25·0%) | 3 (75·0%) |
| Hospital L | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 57 (21·0%) | 14 (24·6%) | 43 (75·4%) |
| Hospital M | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 28 (10·3%) | 12 (42·9%) | 16 (57·1%) |
| Age, years | ||||||
| <65 | 488 (31·2%) | 55 (11·3%) | 433 (88·7%) | 61 (22·5%) | 6 (9·8%) | 55 (90·2%) |
| 65–79 | 535 (34·2%) | 168 (31·4%) | 367 (68·6%) | 85 (31·4%) | 14 (16·5%) | 71 (83·5%) |
| ≥80 | 541 (34·6%) | 202 (37·3%) | 339 (62·7%) | 124 (45·8%) | 38 (30·7%) | 86 (69·4%) |
| Missing | 0 (0·0%) | 0 (0·0%) | 0 (0·0%) | 1 (0·4%) | 1 (100·0%) | 0 (0·0%) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 661 (42·3%) | 170 (25·7%) | 491 (74·3%) | 134 (49·5%) | 29 (21·6%) | 105 (78·4%) |
| Male | 903 (57·7%) | 255 (28·2%) | 648 (71·8%) | 136 (50·2%) | 30 (22·1%) | 106 (77·9%) |
| Missing | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (100.0%) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never smokers | 814 (52·0%) | 205 (25·2%) | 609 (74·8%) | 132 (48·7%) | 24 (18·2%) | 108 (81·8%) |
| Ex-smokers | 603 (38·6%) | 185 (30·7%) | 418 (69·3%) | 91 (33·6%) | 25 (27·5%) | 66 (72·5%) |
| Current smokers | 121 (7·7%) | 26 (21·5%) | 95 (78·5%) | 18 (6·6%) | 2 (11·1%) | 16 (88·9%) |
| Missing | 26 (1·7%) | 9 (34·6%) | 17 (65·4%) | 30 (11·1%) | 8 (26·7%) | 22 (73·3%) |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | 1144 (73·1%) | 295 (25·8%) | 849 (74·2%) | 204 (75·3%) | 41 (20·1%) | 163 (79·9%) |
| Yes | 415 (26·5%) | 128 (30·8%) | 287 (69·2%) | 66 (24·4%) | 18 (27·3%) | 48 (72·7%) |
| Missing | 5 (0·3%) | 2 (40·0%) | 3 (60·0%) | 1 (0·4%) | 0 (0·0%) | 1 (100·0%) |
| Hypertension | ||||||
| No | 755 (48·3%) | 184 (24·4%) | 571 (75·6%) | 126 (46·5%) | 22 (17·5%) | 104 (82·5%) |
| Yes | 804 (51·4%) | 238 (29·6%) | 566 (70·4%) | 145 (53·5%) | 37 (25·5%) | 108 (74·5%) |
| Missing | 5 (0·3%) | 3 (60·0%) | 2 (40·0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Coronary artery disease | ||||||
| No | 1214 (77·6%) | 290 (23·9%) | 924 (76·1%) | 220 (81·8%) | 43 (19·6%) | 177 (80·5%) |
| Yes | 345 (22·1%) | 132 (38·3%) | 213 (61·7%) | 51 (18·8%) | 16 (31·4%) | 35 (68·6%) |
| Missing | 5 (0·3%) | 3 (60·0%) | 2 (40·0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Increased C-reactive protein (≥40 mg/L) | ||||||
| No | 439 (28·1%) | 66 (15·0%) | 373 (85·0%) | 96 (35·4%) | 10 (10·4%) | 86 (89·6%) |
| Yes | 1125 (71·9%) | 359 (31·9%) | 766 (68·1%) | 161 (59·4%) | 46 (28·6%) | 115 (71·4%) |
| Missing | 32 (2·0%) | 12 (37·5%) | 20 (62·5%) | 14 (5·2%) | 3 (21·4%) | 11 (78·6%) |
| Impaired renal function (eGFRa <60 mL/min per 1·73 m2) | ||||||
| No | 980 (63·7%) | 202 (20·6%) | 778 (79·4%) | 132 (48·7%) | 20 (15·2%) | 112 (84·9%) |
| Yes | 570 (36·4%) | 217 (38·1%) | 353 (61·9%) | 81 (29·9%) | 25 (30·9%) | 56 (69·1%) |
| Missing | 14 (0·9%) | 6 (42·9%) | 8 (57·1%) | 58 (21·4%) | 14 (24·1%) | 44 (75·9%) |
| Clinical Frailty Scale (1-9) | ||||||
| 1: Very fit | 91 (5·8%) | 7 (7·7%) | 84 (92·3%) | 11 (4·1%) | 1 (9·1%) | 10 (90·9%) |
| 2: Fit | 197 (12·6%) | 22 (11·2%) | 175 (88·8%) | 22 (8·1%) | 1 (4·6%) | 21 (95·5%) |
| 3: Managing well | 287 (18·4%) | 55 (19·2%) | 232 (80·8%) | 37 (13·7%) | 7 (18·9%) | 30 (81·1%) |
| 4: Vulnerable | 185 (11·8%) | 52 (28·1%) | 133 (71·9%) | 25 (9·2%) | 5 (20·0%) | 20 (80·0%) |
| 5: Mildly frail | 182 (11·6%) | 50 (27·5%) | 132 (72·5%) | 38 (14·0%) | 6 (15·8%) | 32 (84·2%) |
| 6: Moderately frail | 251 (16·0%) | 84 (33·5%) | 167 (66·5%) | 51 (18·8%) | 11 (21·6%) | 40 (78·4%) |
| 7: Severely frail | 260 (16·6%) | 96 (36·9%) | 164 (63·1%) | 61 (22·5%) | 20 (32·8%) | 41 (67·2%) |
| 8: Very severely frail | 79 (5·1%) | 44 (55·7%) | 35 (44·3%) | 5 (1·9%) | 3 (60·0%) | 2 (40·0%) |
| 9: Terminally ill | 27 (1·7%) | 12 (44·4%) | 15 (55·6%) | 4 (1·5%) | 1 (25·0%) | 3 (75·0%) |
| Missing | 5 (0·3%) | 3 (60·0%) | 2 (40·0%) | 17 (6·3%) | 4 (23·5%) | 13 (76·5%) |
| Median CRPb (mg/L) (lower and upper quartile) | ||||||
| 80·5 (36–154) | 115 (63-191) | 69 (29–140) | 65 (20-117) | 86 (48–173·5) | 53 (16–109) | |
a
Estimated glomerular filtration rate.
b
C-reactive protein.