Table III.
Conditional Models Examining Differences in COVID-19 Psychosocial Impacts on Parent
| Study groups |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NHW parents of healthy childrenb |
NHW parents of children w/asthma |
BIPOC parents of healthy children |
BIPOC parents of children w/asthma |
||||||
| Parent COVID-19 psychosocial impactsa | Mean (SE)/N (%) | Referent group | Mean (SE)/N (%) | OR (CI)/B using robust SEsc | Mean (SE)/N (%) | OR (CI)/B using robust SEsc | Mean (SE)/N (%) | OR (CI)/B using robust SEsc | F d |
| General COVID-19 anxiety (range: 4–20) | 10.62 (0.90) | — | 11.52 (0.85) | 10.66 (0.86) | 11.15 (0.81) | F = 0.57, p = .64, η2 = 0.006 | |||
| Resource loss concerns (e.g., fears about finances/food during COVID-19; range: 5–25) | 11.92 (1.14) | — | 15.02 (1.07) | B = 3.10, p = .01, η2 = 0.03 | 14.40 (1.07) | B = 2.48, p = .01, η2 = 0.02 | 14.49 (1.01) | B = 2.57, p = .01, η2 = 0.02 | F = 3.40, p = .02, η2 = 0.04 |
| COVID-19 infection concerns (range: 3–15) | 9.69 (0.75) | — | 10.04 (0.67) | 10.56 (0.72) | 10.49 (0.67) | F = 0.79, p = .50, η2 = 0.009 | |||
| Household discord during pandemice | — | ||||||||
| Referent = no household discord | 24 (35.3%) | — | 23 (37.1%) | — | 49 (49.0%) | — | 31 (34.1%) | — | — |
| Household members occasionally get short-tempered with one another | 28 (41.2%) | — | 22 (35.5%) | 0.83 (0.36–1.91) | 41 (41.0%) | 0.85 (0.41–1.76) | 40 (44.4%) | 1.28 (0.59–2.79) | — |
| Household members frequently get short-tempered with one another; children get into physical fights | 9 (13.2%) | — | 6 (9.7%) | 0.75 (0.22–2.59) | 4 (4.0%) | 0.23 (0.06–0.92) | 7 (7.7%) | 0.60 (0.18–2.07) | — |
| Household members frequently get short-tempered with one another; adults in home throw things or harm one another | 1 (1.5%) | — | 5 (8.1%) | 5.17 (0.46–58.34) | 1 (1.0%) | 0.61 (0.03–11.69) | 5 (5.5%) | 2.12 (0.18–25.55) | — |
Note. NHW = Non-Hispanic White. Estimated marginal means are presented. Higher scores reflect more distress.
Analyses controlled for parent age, education, asthma status, gender, if the child had been tested for COVID-19, and if parent had been diagnosed with COVID-19.
Referent Group is Non-Hispanic, White Parents of Healthy Children.
If significant heteroscedasticity was detected, parameter estimates with robust standard errors were reported.
F tests are only presented when there was not significant heteroscedasticity; to facilitate harmony with the other analyses, when F tests were significant, follow-up probing of the main effect was done using B’s with robust standard errors, comparing study groups to referent (NHW parents of healthy children).
Parental asthma status was removed as covariate because it caused errors in model.