Table 3.

Rank order of adversities according to adverse childhood experience international questionnaire the male domestic violence perpetrators (n=50)

Adversities (ACE-IQ)	Percentage
Substance use in family members	86
Witnessing verbal/psychological abuse	82
Verbal/psychological punishment	60
Witnessing simple physical violence	44
Simple physical punishment	32
Community violence	28
Death of caregiver	20
Witnessing complicated physical violence	20
Could not express feelings to anyone	20
Did not have understanding parents	18
Did not have secure attachment figure	14
Bullying by friends	12
Complicated physical abuse	10
Bullying by teachers	8
Collective violence	6
Parents separated	4
Mental illness in family other than substance use	4
Inappropriate sexual touch	4
Incarceration of family members	2
Additional childhood adversities
Child labor	54
Household work	34
Home alone for long hours	18
Basic needs were not met	18
Caretaker of siblings	14
Lack of free play	4

ACE-IQ – Adverse childhood experience international questionnaire