Table 1.

Coding instrument (nationalism)

Category of nationalism	Individual components	Examples
1. The suppression of ambivalent attitudes toward the nation	Suppress ambivalent attitudes toward the nation within the country	“The whole dairy relies on hearsay. She defamed the Chinese government’s devoted effort to fighting the epidemic with her dark side”
	Counterattack to negative evaluation or insulting behavior of the West	“As a Chinese person, I feel very angry and Denmark must apologize”
		“American flu! American H1N1!”
2. Feeling of national superiority	Being proud of the nation	“Compared with other countries, China controlled the transmission of COVID-19 in less than a month. No other country could heal people free of charge like us. Our powerful backing, China!”
		“They copied the work of the Chinese government, which proves that the Chinese government is so powerful and has gained all the nation’s worship”
	Criticize and mock other countries Comparing to China	“More than 100,000 deaths couldn’t wake up a president who only cares about dollars, nor can it move a government that only wants capital”
		“Soaring confirmed case numbers may be due to herd immunity”
3. Inclination to define one’s own group by criteria of descent, race, or cultural affiliation		“It turns out that white people are more suitable for virus transmission”
		“This good boy, living in a foreign country, had Chinese traditional culture in his mind and encouraged compatriots overseas with ancient poems”
4. Derogation of groups not considered part of the nation	Indifference toward difficult situation in other countries	“Great America! It has completed the task of 1 million confirmed cases ahead of schedule”
		“More and more people are infected. Will tomorrow be more wonderful?”
	Refuse to share resources with people from other countries	“It must be segregated in accordance with rules. Welcome compatriots, not foreigners”
5. Idealization of the nation		Denmark, don’t grab the reputation of China!
6. An uncritical acceptance of national, state, and political authorities		Why not severely punish those people who complain that they have no human rights when returning to China?
7. Other (have nationalist tendency but can’t be classified into the above categories)		“She is a student studying abroad at the state’s expense but supports Hong Kong’s independence and Taiwan’s service trade agreement”
8. None (no any nationalist feature)